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THE MEDIEVAL EMPIRE OF THE ISRAELITES (We offer some fragments from the new book. The project started on May 2003. Compiled by R.Grishin , V.Melamed ) Page III Chapters From The Book "The Medieval Empire Of Israelites" Preface Chapter I : The Medieval Empire Of Israelites Chapter IV : Legends Of "Ancient " Greece Chapter XIX : Mankind's Displaced Memory
What was the city where the Virgin lived? Hardly any place in modern Israel. In William Shakespeare's tragedy, "Othello," there is one riddle: what religion does Othello profess? Desdemona says directly: By heaven, you do me
wrong. as I am a Christian!
But here the frank and
honest Othello is hiding something. It is considered that he, a black-skinned
Moor, is a Moslem or at least descendent of Moslems. And if one is to follow the
traditional history, then there really is no other variant. Othello, before he ends his life in suicide, recalls: . . .
And say besides, that in Where a malignant and a turban'd Turk Beat a
Venetian and traduced the state,
I took by the throat the circumcised dog, And smote him, thus. (Stabs himself) That is, according to
contemporary ideas, Islam already was in the world, since some kind of
"circumcised dog" in a turban fought with the Venetian in Meanwhile, still rather
recently (in historical measurements) the military personnel of many countries
have worn the turban. And circumcision, as it will be shown in our book, is a
most complex phenomenon, which is characteristic at a definite stage for all
of human culture. Thus it is impossible to
understand who Othello is regarding faith, and it is not clear why he calls the
Turk a dog. But it is not worth accusing Shakespeare of a mistake. Not only he,
but also the English in general up to the 17th century did not
mention anywhere in written sources the words: "Moslem, Islam, Koran, minaret,
muezzin, hijra, Caaba." The full impression is that they did not know them. But
you know, the sons of an obscure They are unknown also to
the Italian writer Giraldi Cinthio, upon whose novella the "Moor of Venice" (the
"Hecatommithi" collection or "One Hundred Tales." 1566) Shakespeare created his
masterpiece. So, perhaps, there
still was not an Islam?
The riddle of Othello
grows into one of the cardinal questions connected with medieval times, when
modern nations, states and religions were being born. Our book is devoted to this
era. Scientific facts are collected in it that prove that now the predominant
historical science is Utopian. It was built on false premises and an
artificially constructed chronology. There is a multitude of evidence of the
fact that all "ancient" manuscripts are literary works of the 15th - 16th
centuries and that there never was in reality any "ancient" We have collected the
conclusions of dozens of scientists from various countries that the most ancient
monuments of mankind, the pyramids of
The processing of written
sources on a computer, with a comparative analysis of their authenticity, and
the other newest methods of the study of history, which were found by the
scientists, allows the contention that: in the 13 - 14th centuries
of our era, the first world war in history broke out. It ended with the
formation of a colossal empire with a capital in
Its subjects named their country Having
existed for 70-80 years, the empire broke up. The violent creation of states
began and the formation of peoples and nations in the modern meaning of these
words. An objective political need
arose for the writing of one's own history, in comparison with a history common
and characteristic for an empire. It was necessary to find or to create the
proper historical roots, one's own antiquity, which was not the same as the
antiquity of the neighbors. In which connection, the more deeply these roots
went into the centuries, the more legitimate those or the other rulers looked in
the eyes of the subjects. It was as if their authority was sanctified by the
centuries. And then the primary framework of modern historiography was invented. A hunt was launched for manuscripts which were declared as ancient. The main body of sources on the history of antiquity appeared over only 2 centuries - the 15th and 16th. How this happened is well known not only to critics of traditional historiography, but also to the traditionalists themselves. The ancient manuscripts
appeared according to a scheme which is well seen in the example of one of the
brightest forgers of that time, Poggio Bracciolini. He, an author of historical
and moralistic books, was in the full sense of the word the dominant influence
of his century. Many found it possible to define the first half of the Italian
15th Century as Poggio's century. With the cooperation of the Florentine scholar and book collector Niccolo Niccoli, Poggio Bracciolini established a kind of permanent study of ancient literature and attracted a whole series of collaborators and partners to the business. Poggio Bracciolini and Bartolomeo di Montepulciano made the first of their "finds" in the era of the Council of Constance. In a forgotten, damp tower of the St. Gall monastery, in which a prisoner would not survive even three days, they chanced "to find" safe and sound a heap of ancient manuscripts: essays by Quintilian, Valerius Flaccus, Asconius Pedianus, Nonius Marcellus, Probus and others. After some time, Bracciolini supposedly discovered fragments "from Petronius" and "the Bucolics" of Calpurnius. Poggio's clients were
the Medici, the aristocratic families of
One would think it was
impossible to forge archaeological finds. But one can find just that which is
needed and there where it is needed.
The excavations of
Sculptors also created
a supposedly ancient history. The facts are well known when some of them buried
statues of their own creation in the ground and several years later informed the
world about the fact that they found in their own vegetable gardens the
imperishable works of the ancient masters .
The history of
The
high-minded direction of traditional
European history was developed in the 16th-17th centuries, in the era of the
Reformation and the Counter-reformation. The slogan of Nicolo
Machiavelli, "The end justifies the means" and the appeal of Martin Luther, "He
who is not with us is against us" became the main principles of the greatest
historians of that time. The originator of the modern chronology, Joseph
Scaliger (Bordone), brought up by his philosopher father in the spirit of "paper
will endure all, provided that it is beautiful," Henry IV Bourbon's court
chronicler, was right after his master first a Catholic, then a Huguenot. He
composed a "continuous" chronology of the French royal dynasties, in order to
legitimatize and perpetuate the rights of the Bourbons, who had destroyed the
previous The Austrian Cuspinian
(Johann Spiesheimer) carried out the same work for the Hapsburgs, deriving their
uninterrupted genealogy from Julius Caesar. The history of
The Roman Catholic Church,
which was alarmed by the preservation of its political influence, took in the
process of the creation of a pseudo-scientific "worldwide secular" history the
most active participation, in particular, in the person of the Jesuit monk,
Dionysius Petavius. The adoption itself in Europe of a modern chronology by a
decision of the 1563 Council of Trent became an important turning point - only
in this year was it declared that it was
coming up on namely 1,563 years since the birth of Christ, and all sources which
contradicted this were ordered to be burnt. At the same time, the "Book of
Popes" also appeared which recorded somehow the uninterrupted succession of the
Roman Popes from the 4th through the 9th centuries (to Pope Nicholas I.) Even business created a
modern historical tradition. From the middle of the 15th century, by the
efforts most of all of the Florentine Medici bankers, history became the object
of an extremely profitable business - starting from "holy relics" and ending
with "ancient manuscripts." The most glaring example is the "Donation of
Constantine," the forgery of which Lorenzo Valla proved right in the middle of
the 15th century. At this time an important
event in civilization occurs - the appearance of printing, which stimulates the
unsatisfied market demand for books. Well, and there where demand is, there
also are supplies. An abundance of just discovered "ancient" manuscripts and
chronicles becomes the most widespread. . As a rule, they stop
suddenly "somewhere in antiquity." A typical example is the chronicle of the
Saxon Grammatica, which breaks off in 1185 and is discovered in 1514. This
chronicle also was fixed into the foundation of the history of the
Scandinavian countries. A certain Gall Anonim wrote a similar "ancient
Polish" chronicle that ranges to 1113, and it was discovered in that very
same 16th century. During the 16th and 17th
centuries, their own chronicler appeared in every European monarchy. "History
is necessary to the prince of such that it allows him to most effectively rule
his people," thus the founder of political science, Niccolo Machiavelli
formulated a thesis which defines even today the relationship of authority to
history. Up to now, very rarely is
the research of history free from political sympathies and antipathies and the
wish that it not begin to play up in a positive sense the role and significance
of the people among whom the researchers count themselves.
Thus,
the brilliant Russian mathematician and revisionist historian, Anatoly Fomenko,
attaches all development of civilization to Slavic roots, and the Turkic writer
M. Agaji - to Turkic. The Western historians
Otto Rahn, Guido von List and many
others have gone along the very same path. Book authors suppose such an approach is in error. They stand in that position, that still very recently, several centuries ago, people did not consider themselves either Turks or Russian, or Jews or French, nothing again in the present meaning of these definitions. There existed a period when they were not divided in creed, inasmuch as being the subjects of one empire, they professed one and the same religion - monotheism. Protojudiasm became a starting position for the creation of worldwide religions - of the main driving force in mankind's spiritual life for the centuries ahead.And this book, relying on the evidence of the past and those reconstructions which the critics of traditional historiography suggest today, speak of the empire and its ideology.
Go to Chapter 1 - THE MEDIEVAL EMPIRE OF ISRAELITES Go to Chapter 4 - LEGENDS OF "ANCIENT" GREECEGo to Chapter 19 - MANKIND'S DISPLACED MEMORY
New Tradition , 2003. Toronto Reproduced with permission from New Tradition
THE MEDIEVAL EMPIRE OF THE ISRAELITES
Chapter I
The idea of
"empire" (Latin imperium is authority) in modern historical science
denotes the name of huge monarchist states of various epochs, which
unified various ethnic societies. It is correlated with
Never and nowhere has
this meaning been used for the designation of some kind of a state
formation of a Judaic sense: the facts of history are unknown, when
would a small people, living at the meeting point of
On the contrary, in
all the available sources it is firmly established that the Israelites
were steadily persecuted, that they practically at all times over the
centuries and millennia went from one captivity to another, from one
enslavement to another, and always were subservient to someone. At
the same time, however, they in a mysterious way maintained their
national uniqueness, often, in defiance of their own practicality;
they were true to the faith of the fathers and in any empire achieved
striking successes in economics, politics and culture.
Depending on
sympathies for or antipathies toward the Israelite Jews, the authors
of works have explained and explain this real social phenomenon of
them by special positive or negative qualities. The impression is
being created, that it is not about ordinary people who possess the
very same advantages and disadvantages as others, but about some kind
of extraordinary subjects, which were engendered either by divine or
by dark forces. In any case, nowhere, unfortunately, is there a clear
and scientific explanation of this phenomenon, which actually has a
place in the history of European and in part of Eastern civilizations.
The uniqueness of
the Israelite people is affirmed, most of all, by the authority of the
world's religions and writings which could make up an enormous
library. As asserted by theologians, their faith in a single God and
union with the Lord, fortified by a number of rituals and rules and
covenants, allegedly played a primary role in the destiny of the
Israelites. The fundamental features of this faith lay too at the
basis of Christianity, and Mohammedanism, which have united hundreds
of millions of people in all the world, and therefore, indirectly,
they have played a determining role in the spiritual history of modern
mankind.
In his book "The
Meaning of History," the views of the classical Russian historian,
Nikolai Berdyaev, who virtually surrenders scientific positions and
transitions to religious mysticism as soon as it becomes a question of
the Israelites, are typical in this regard:
"To the Jews belonged
an absolutely extraordinary role in the origin of the perception of
history, in an intense feeling of historic destiny, namely the start
of the 'historic' was introduced into the worldwide life of mankind.
And I want to address myself seriously to the most historic destiny of
the Jews and their significance in world history as one of the
continuously functioning worldwide beginnings even to our time, who
possess their own specific mission The Jews have a central
significance in history. The Jewish people are, predominately, a
people of history, and in their historic destiny is felt the
inscrutability of the Divine will. When the materialistic sense of
history attracted me, when I was trying to test it for the destinies
of peoples, it seemed to me that the historical destiny of the Jewish
people was the greatest obstacle for it. It must be said that from
any materialistic and positive historic point of view, this people
should have ceased to exist. Its existence is a strange, mysterious
and wonderful phenomenon, which shows that special designs are
connected with the destiny of these people. The survival of the
Jewish people in history, their resistance to destruction, their
endurance as one of the most ancient peoples of the world under
completely extraordinary conditions, that fateful role which these
people play in history - it all points at the particular, mystic
foundations of their historic destiny. ... A particularly strained
dramatic quality of history plays out around the destiny of the
Jews."
Per se, such is the
logical plan practically of all positive arguments about the role of
the people of
As regards the
negative, then they are united by the notion of "anti-Semitism."
Researchers have produced hundreds of works in attempts to understand
their nature. They have searched for the roots of hatred toward the
Jews in their national character, in appearance, in customs and way of
life, and in devotion to their religion. Many authors have been
struck by mysticism, by genetics and by heredity. Even so-called
"instinctive" anti-Semitism is considered as a serious scientific
hypothesis. That is, hatred for the Jews which supposedly lies in the
genes of the anti-Semite.
The medieval
Christian description of Jews as "devils" is documented at length in
the work of the historian Joshua Trachtenberg, The Devil and the
Jews (Yale University Press, New Haven, 1941.)
The rather
well-known early 20th century historian, Flavien Brenier,
in his book "The Jews and the Talmud, wrote: "Of all the tribal and religious questions which have been proposed by history, there was not one more constant or more universal and insoluble than the Jewish question. No matter how far we have dug into the past, since the time of the settling of the Jews among the other tribes, we always meet them in an unceasing struggle with the peoples who have taken them into their midst. Part of ancient history and all of the Middle Ages are filled with the repercussions of this age-old struggle. At the present time, if this struggle between the Jews on the one hand and the Christians and the Moslems on the other, outwardly has obtained a semblance of fewer harsh words, then it only is because Israel skillfully has concealed its, in the past almost always straightforward and open, hatred. But lift up any of these so cunningly fabricated masks, and beneath the threat of national security, material well-being, religious freedom or social structure of every people you almost always will meet the Jew.
The
Jews have caused anti-Christian persecutions in many countries in
order to appease the ancient hatred of this tribe toward the servants
of Christ.
It is the Jews who have
laid the fire under the social structure, sowing in the world the
ideas of collectivism thanks to their agitators and Jewish theorists,
the names of whom are:
Karl Marx, Lassalle and
Singer in Germany; Neumayer, Adler and Aaron Lieberman in Austria;
Frieburg, Leon Frankel and Haltmayer in France; James Cohen in
Denmark; Dobrogeanu-Gherea in Rumania; Coen, Lyon and Samuel Gompers
in the United States. In the whole world, behind the scenes of all attempts of moral corruption in the area of literature and the arts, you again come across Jews. Finally, the Jews constantly serve as spies against all states, which carelessly have given them refuge."
Professor Steiner in his
article in the magazine, Psychology Today, (February 1973)
notes:
"The triple appeal of
the Jews for perfection (through 1/Jewish Ethical Monotheism;
2/Christianity and Islam; 3/messianic socialism) gave birth to a
deadly ill-will in relation to the Jews in the social consciousness.
The Jews were transformed into the 'guilty conscience' in the history
of Western civilization."
One can quote both
the admirers of the Jews and their persecutors for as long as one
likes. The 20th century is especially rich in such
"research." It is marked by the savage outburst of Nazism, an extreme
expression of racism and xenophobia, and simultaneously - by the vast
sympathy of the worldwide community for the Jews, who had endured the
Holocaust and with the support of the countries victorious over
Fascist Germany had created the state of
Such are the two
basic stereotypes of the appraisal of Judaism and its native peoples
of
It is not only a
question of Judaism and Jews, and so it makes sense to determine from
which positions in general historians assess that which does not
correspond to their views and beliefs. Sadly enough, but one and the
same principle is operative: if the facts are not in keeping with
generally accepted concepts, then so much the worse for the facts.
They hush them up. If it is impossible neither to avoid, nor silence
them, then they attach the label that they are erroneous. There is no
end of writings of the historians and philosophers of the past which
have been declared unscientific only because they are not in keeping
with the prevailing historical patterns.
But these very
patterns, you see, are based on extremely shaky and questionable
sources. Everything that supposedly was written by the historians in
the early centuries is well-known to us mainly from copies and scraps
of copies of a later time, and that too is just from references of 17th
and 18th century authors to the works of predecessors who
they, in their words, read or of which they had heard from their
teachers and colleagues. The originals, as a rule, are considered
lost, and most often - burnt. Not one library of the world has in its
archives the original writings of the ancient writers and historians
and the works of the scholars of the early Middle Ages.
The works,
proclaimed as copies, appeared in a mass way in the world only in the
late Middle Ages, as if appearing out of thin air. Some of them were,
to the amazement and joy of the historians, in beautiful condition and
contained the most detailed reports of the events and the heroes of
history of centuries ago. It is enough to recall for example, the
works of Josephus Flavius, who describes the Judaic wars in every
detail.
There arose,
however, a paradox which required explanation: before the Middle
Ages, no one knew anything about these works. In other words, history
in the past for some reason was interrupted for a thousand odd years
and a temporary vacuum was created between antiquity and the Middle
Ages. Where were the originals in this period, how were they able
to be preserved for so many centuries in order to emerge suddenly from
non-existence and there and then, unfortunately, burn up or be lost?
The adherents of
official historiography have introduced into scientific use the terms
"the Dark Ages" and the "Renaissance." They mean that after the
There remained, it is
true, the unexplained question about how nonetheless were the writings
of the ancients able to be preserved over the extent of so many
centuries of the raging of barbarism. But it already interested only a
few: a plan of development was created which was convenient for all
who were concerned with history. More precisely, it composed a history
which responded to the spiritual needs and practical interests of
society of that time.
Since then,
historians talk about events of great antiquity with steadfast
confidence based on the "copies." With fantastic precision, they cite
data about the dates of birth and death of kings and emperors, about
the locations of battles, and even the dialogues and expressions of
heroes of the past. Everyone has heard the immortal words, somehow
uttered by the ancients, of the type: "The Rubicon has been crossed,"
"I came, I saw, I conquered," ((1)) "Et tu, Brute?" ((2)) There are
few who meditate over how they became known to the descendants, who
wrote them down at that moment when they were spoken, and whether
someone was writing them down in general.
The technology for
fabricated historical facts and events which was used widely in the
later Middle Ages and which has become the basis for contemporary
historiography recently has become understood. The well-known contemporary mathematician A. Fomenko has performed the following research. If one takes the biography of any person and writes down the dates of the primary events of his life, taking the birth date as 0, then a definite series of dates will result:
0 -- birth.
12 -- serious illness.
22 -- marriage.
27 - a war.
29 -- birth of a son -
an heir.
....... and so on.
The resulting series
has an interesting property - individuality. With a sufficiently
large quantity of dates, the probability of the coincidence of any two
biographies is practically equal to zero. There are a thousand times
more chances to win a million playing the lottery than to get even one
such coincidence.
Fomenko, a
mathematician with a worldwide name, is an honorary member of many
mathematical societies, and he has put into a computer the dynastic
data of many of the royal families both of
This has forced
Fomenko and his colleagues again and again to check the method and the
conclusions, but there were no errors. For example, the biographies
of all the Chinese emperors earlier than the 17th century
duplicate with precision the biographies of the medieval European
rulers.
Besides the
duplication of the one and the same heroes under various names, huge
shifts in time of the events described have been detected. Among the
most significant examples are the numerous coincidences of the
numerical characteristics of the biographies of the Egyptian pharos
and the emperors of the
The conclusions are
unexpected and absolutely unusual for any person educated in the
historic traditions of Western civilization. Meanwhile, they reinforce
themselves with strict scientific calculations and rely again after
all on facts which neither can be refuted nor concealed. But there is
talk ahead about them.
For the time being,
let's examine such a question as the uniqueness of the people of the
Israelites. So much has been said about it both by supporters and
detractors, that, it would seem there isn't even anything else to say
here. However, let's not be in a hurry. There are serious grounds
for thinking that there wasn't such a secluded ethnic group in
antiquity. In general there wasn't. And there is evidence for it. At
that, they, which is paradoxical, are conspicuous to everyone who will
not consider it worth the effort to see them. It is enough to look at
a map of the world and read the descriptions of the customs,
ceremonies and rituals of peoples which inhabit the planet.
The map shows
graphically how widely Judaism was spread among the most diverse of
people, located at times thousands of kilometers from each other. They
belong to various races; they have different skin color and an outward
appearance which is evidence of Mongoloid, Negroid and other roots.
They speak in languages which have nothing in common with Hebrew.
Their way of life, habits and art are radically different from
everything that is peculiar to European Jews.
Nonetheless, they
maintain that they are descendants of the lost tribes of Israel, of
those very same that, according to traditional ideas, at some time
were dispersed throughout the whole world as a result of the
aggressive wars of neighbors and the devastation of their historic
homeland. The legend about the lost tribes is interesting mainly in the fact that it is the only version assumed by official history which explains why Judaism is so spread out. It allows one not to reject the usual dogma as regards Judaism, and in this its value is in the eyes of the theologians. For them, the principle racial distinctions between the Jews of the various continents do not have any significance, that which people who belong supposedly to one nation cannot be so different from each another. Belief in the truth of what is said in the Old Testament about the dispersion of the Jews muffles all arguments.
But here is what the facts say.
According to their version, the
ancestors of these people were exiled to
With the advent and
expansion of Islam, many of them turned to this religion. But during
the whole time, the Torah scroll was found with the tribe, kept with
the elders and priests.
From In every village there was a priest, the name of whom was supposed to be Aaron. Included in the duties of such priests was supervision over the life of the villagers and the fulfillment of religious ceremonies. The office of the priest was handed down.
The scrupulous precision of the
dates is striking in the tale of a traveler who visited the Menashe
relatively recently. A shepherd tribe, which migrated for centuries
from one place to another, entirely illiterate and not having either a
calendar or a tradition to fix the birth dates of their own children,
nonetheless knows with precision to the year the time of the Assyrian
and Babylonian captivity, the period of Alexander's conquests of
Macedonia and the date of their own arrival on Chinese land. And this
doesn't surprise anyone! Neither the traveler nor the publication that
published his story. Kashmir Five to seven million people live in this region who also consider themselves descendants of the lost tribes of Here are place
with names of obviously Judaic origin: Har Nevo, Beit Peor, Pisga
and others. The same thing concerns men's and women's names, and also
the names of some villages. The Udu language used in this region
includes a great number of Hebrew words.. Also in this region
exists a strange legend about the fact that Jesus Christ did not die
on the cross, but reached the In one of the small
The Pathans This society
numbers nearly 15 million people, who live on the
The Pathans
honor Shabbat. For them, this day is a symbol of rest; on Shabbat
they do not work, they do not prepare food, and they are not involved
with housekeeping. Before each Shabbat, they bake 12 Challahs in
order to glorify this day, as was done in the ancient Jewish temple.
The Pathans also have the tradition of Kosher. Thus, they don't eat
horse flesh and camel meat, which are very popular in the region, but
forbidden for any Jew. Many men bear the names
The Falasha called
themselves "The Home of Israel" (Beta
As regards the
South American Indians and their possible relationship to the lost
tribes of Israel, an article was published in the Israeli newspaper "Maariv"
(December 1974) with the following content: It must be said
that the problem of the South American Jewish Indians was occupying
minds in
Manasseh Ben Israel
emphasized in his book that many learned men believed that the ten
tribes of
Traces of the
influence of the lost tribes of
Here are some of Arimasa
Kubo's conclusions. The large Suwa-Taisha
Shinto shrine is in
At the festival,
right up to the last century, the following happened: they tied a boy
to a wooden column and they placed him on a bamboo cover. A Shinto
priest, holding a knife in the hand, approached the boy and menacingly
cut off a piece of the upper part of the column. Suddenly a messenger
(another priest) approached the priest, and they set the boy free. At this same
festival the sacrifice of animals took place, in particular: of 75
does. In ancient times in
Today the custom has
been preserved symbolically to depict how they intend to sacrifice the
boy, and then let him go free. There is a wooden column called "onie-bashira,"
which signifies the "sacrificial column."
The Japanese religious "Yamabushi" priests put small black boxes (tokin) on the forehead the same as the Jews' phylactery . This custom existed in.
The Yamabushi has one
more thing in the arsenal: a large sea shell which he uses as a
horn. This horn is reminiscent of the Jewish shofar from a ram's
horn. Even the sounds produced by both instruments are similar to
each other.
In
The clothing of the
Israelite and Japanese priests is very similar to each other. Marvin Tokayer, a rabbi who has lived in
The construction of a
Japanese Shinto shrine is similar to the construction of the Tent of
Revelation in ancient
Opposite a Japanese
shrine there usually are two statues of lions, known as "komainu."
They sit on both sides of the entrance and play the role of guards of
the shrine. There was the very same tradition in ancient
Generally, in ancient
The Japanese have a
tradition of using salt for purification and consecration of
something. Sometimes people sprinkle salt after the presence nearby
of an unpleasant person.. It is possible the ancient Israelites had
the very same tradition. For example, when Abimelech destroyed
Shechem, he "sowed it with salt." (Book of Judges (Shoftim
Although Shinto is a
polytheistic religion, Kubo thinks that he has the reasons to propose
that at some time Shintoists believed in Yaweh. "Amenominakanushi-no-kami"
is considered to be the very first Shinto god. The Japanese believe
that he was born before all the gods, lived in the center of the
universe, had no form, was eternal and, being the invisible creator of
the universe, was the sole god.
The colossal
geographic prevalence of those or other forms of Judaism leads to
definite conclusions: either the Jewish Israelites are the ancestors
of nearly all mankind, or there never existed a Jewish people, and the
followers of the faith of Abraham called themselves Jews, to which
tribal clan they would not have belonged.
In connection with
this, the words of Rabbi Adin Steinsaltz, a contemporary Jewish
theologian and spiritual mentor of
Adin Steinsaltz is
resolving the problem of the present definition of the Jews along a
maternal line using a comparison of the Jews with noblemen. The
nobility has been and is hereditary and is conferred for any kind of
services. The Jews go along the very same paths. Some Jews are defined
according to maternal lines; others go through a rite of dedication
and conversion.
In our opinion, the
comparison of Jews with nobility has a deep historical sense, and A.
Steinsaltz, it is possible, doesn't even suspect how right he is.
Chapter IV As we already said in the preface, the creation in the Middle Ages of a chronology which predominates even today in historiography, by no means was caused God knows from where by the whim of the lovers of antiquity who had emerged. This is
in principle an important aspect which demands explanation.
Otherwise, it will be complicated to understand what
happened with the history, for example, of The
political situation in the European countries, the
aspiration of those holding supreme power to demonstrate to
the whole world the antiquity of their race and on this
basis to confirm the legitimacy of claims for leadership
both within the state and in the international arena have
become the chief stimulus in the creation of a traditional
chronology. Well, where there's a demand, the supply springs
up too.
Under all
monarchal courts immediately are found literate and in many
instances, talented people who carry out the most important
political orders.
It is
clear, not unselfishly. Often even his life depended on the
talent and eagerness of the writer. It didn't cost the
all-powerful kings and dukes anything to send an untalented
scribbler to the block if his writing didn't suit them. And
there was another, powerful stimulus: rewards, honors,
scientific titles, and the benevolence of the monarchs. By
the way, this works in out time, too. Not long ago, a
certain author showed in his writing that the
representatives of the now ruling houses of
But
let us return to Joseph Scaliger, the founder of the
traditional chronology who lived and labored in that epoch.
Then, besides the dynastic, the question of the origin of
the European peoples was one of the most pressing. The
process of their formation in the modern sense of this word
took place, and each of them, naturally, wanted to know who
the ancestors were. The
roots were called various things: both biblical and Greek
and barbarian, that is, German and English. The Trojan
version of the origin of the French was popular. The
historians situated the centers of ancient cultures in their
works not only in
After the destruction of He didn't erect his creations in an empty place, but to a significant degree, adhered to the generally accepted ideas of his epoch. In particular, to the very popular idea of the "succession of kingdoms" or the "succession of monarchies." According to this idea, some kind of a center of worldwide supremacy - a capital of the main king, of an emperor, existed from the very beginning of human history. At that, it changed its location several times. As a
result, the history somehow was divided into three parts -
three monarchies. The first was called the Babylonian. At
first they called it Assyrian (Chaldean), then - Persian-Medean.
But the capital remained the same -
The
second is the Greek or Macedonian with a capital in Finally,
the Roman monarchy. They called it the last worldwide
monarchy. It was split into the Eastern and Western Roman
Empires. They, for their part, were broken up into a
multitude of independent states. Such is
the overall plan. As the adherents of the new chronology
note, its traces are maintained in modern history textbooks.
Only instead of "monarchies" the term "succession of
civilizations" is used. The first civilization arose in the
area between two rivers - the " If one tries to examine the idea of the "three kingdoms" in more detail, then questions unavoidably arise which demand explanations. How in general was the idea born about worldwide monarchies? Why in particular are there three of them and not two or five? On what grounds were the kingdoms placed in the pages of the historic works, in particular in such an order and not in any other kind? The adherents of the traditional chronology confidently answer that these are the results of archaeological research, an analysis of the compositions of the ancient authors, linguistic investigations and so on and so forth. Analyzing these questions in particular, scholars of many generations have created truly vast libraries of works. Hundreds of books, dissertations, surveys, and abstracts written, for example, one after the other about Ancient Greece alone. Is it possible their authors relied on sources which didn't contain a grain of truth, didn't reflect the real situation of things? That doesn't happen, they tell us. And they will be right. The
inventive nature of "ancient" sources consists not in the
fact that the events described in them and their heroes are
fantastic, but in the fact that they, these events, which
occurred in the Middle Ages, have been renamed and spread
over various epochs and countries in accordance with the
ideological and other purposes of noblemanly clients.
In
connection with this, the notion of a "worldwide monarchy"
is of special interest for us. In Scaliger's epoch there are
no such monarchies. There exists, as already has been said,
a multitude of independent states. From where, then, was the
idea of "a center of worldwide supremacy" taken? I doubt
from the imagination of historians. The memory of such a
center of such a monarchy was still very fresh in the 16th
century. Yes, there was a worldwide empire, at that,
according to historic measurements, very recently, and all
the states, which arose on its ruins, all the life of the
people still bore on itself the indelible stamp of this
grandiose state structure, the first in the history of
mankind, under the name of the As regards the quantity of "worldwide empires," then it needs to be said that Scaliger's predecessors and he himself didn't write history, but computed it. There were whole trends in just such a method of historiography - numerology, cabala and astrology. Scaliger's older contemporary, Jean Boden, composed a solid work, "A Method of Easy Determination of History," in which he showed in particular, how, in his opinion, to detect empires. He
wrote: "The square of 12 is 144, and the cube is 1,728. Not
one empire in its existence exceeded the value of the sum of
these numbers; therefore, the larger numbers should be
rejected. Of the spherical numbers included in the great
number there are four - 125, 216, 625 and 1,296. With the
aid of several of these numbers. . . . . we permit ourselves
to study the miraculous changes of almost all states. . . .
. Starting with the cube of 12, we shall find that the
monarchy of the Assyrians from King Ninus to Alexander the
Great embodies this number precisely. . . It would be more
accurate to say that a single monarchy of the Assyrians and
Persians existed than there allegedly existed two different
monarchies. In a different case, we are supposed to
distinguish the kingdom of the Chaldeans, Medians and
Parthians from the Assyrian-Persian monarchy. . ." It
is impossible to distinguish; otherwise, the great number
will be broken. That is, the author discovered an entire
world empire, as they say, at the tip of a pen, as a century
later the astronomers Leverrier and Adams calculated the
planet
Relying on an understanding of numerology, the author also
easily and naturally finds other chronological dates of
various states in antiquity. He juggles the names like a
magician: "As
regards the cube of seven, there also are many examples.
This number was chosen by Moses for the establishment of a
great festival. From the victory of the Jews over Haman with
the aid of Esther to the victory over The
whole book is built on such arguments. For Boden, history is
not the past of mankind, but a design created as a result of
manipulations with numbers. He is a faithful adherent of the
Masons and numerologists who impart a mystical essence to
numbers. It
wouldn't be worth talking about Boden's exercises if they
weren't used and developed in the works of Scaliger and his
followers, especially Petavius. The astrologers,
numerologists and prophets are who laid the basis of the
traditional chronology. And this is appropriate. One need
remember that other methods for the analysis of history
still didn't exist then. There were and could not be any
other fundamental principles besides those designated in the
Bible and in a number of mystical studies. Thus, numerology for Scaliger and his followers is not a questionable mind game, but a serious method of historic research. One need recognize that they were executing a task of grandiose complexity: they were forming a plan of the development of all world history! No one after them has undertaken such a fundamental problem. They wrote, more than once, numerous volumes of writings with the envelopment of the majority of countries and peoples, but in the main it was the very same plan of Scalger and Petavius. What
is especially important, in this plan such a
structural-forming medieval result also is used as the
theory of historic cycles.
Quite a number of the names of the disciples of their theory
have been preserved. Traditional historiography relates them
to various epochs and peoples. Here are both Ancient
Greece, and
Polybius and his confederates examined the history of
society as a rotation, as a movement along a closed circle
with a periodic return to the starting point. This meant
that mankind moves endlessly along a wheel, stretched out in
time. Then an
understanding of the cycle as a spiral began to prevail, the
repetition of analogous, but distinct phases in a forward
movement, an undulating and progressive development. (Yuriy
Yakovets "Cycles. Crises. Forecasts" 1999) As is
explained in the books on "cycles," all great phenomena and
facets of life also have their own "spirals," and each
country, it is clear, also. They endlessly are superimposed
on each other, resembling on the whole the entangled turns
of barbed wire. We will
not examine the validity of such a vision of history.
Perhaps there are its own reasons in it. Let us say only
that it too now is enjoying relative popularity. In the
times of Scaliger it was overwhelming. And it allowed the
chronologists to arrange historical events as the theory
suggested. And if they discovered that, let us assume, on
the coil of "ancient"
At the
same time, history should have been sufficiently consistent
and allowed to fabricate solid and convincing genealogical
rulers and to fill the past as if it were with significant
events which have great moral and educational significance
for the descendants. Scaliger and his followers in the
literal sense of the word created history and were convinced
that they were doing a good thing.
They fabricate history, unfortunately, in all epochs,
including too in ours, and in all countries, recasting it in
accordance with present political interests. Let
us look at how the medieval reality of "ancient"
We know,
to our delight, much. To our delight for the reason that
none of the originals of the "ancient Greek" compositions
ever were in the hands of even the most conscientious
researchers. Some are only references in works ascribed to
various chroniclers, frequently also to the legendary.
At
that, these works appeared after the millennium of the "Dark
Ages," when no one and nowhere recalled anything about a
But we
will not find fault.
The traditional views are such: the history of Ancient Greece starts from the turn of the 3rd and 2nd millennia B.C. -- with the rise of the first state formations on the island of Crete, and ends in the 2nd - 1st centuries B.C., when the Greek and Hellenistic states of the Eastern Mediterranean were conquered by Rome and included as part of the Roman Mediterranean power.
We
shall single out several bright moments in this history,
which are the most well-known to the readers. One of the
most popular is the Trojan War, described in the poems of
the great blind poet, Homer. Historians have been drawing
from them over the centuries one or the other signs of the
past. The poems "Iliad" and "Odyssey" became, per se, a
source for the construction of a whole section of The Trojan War, as the traditional historians write, is a war of the Achaeans againstAccording to mythological tradition, the abduction by Paris, the son of the Trojan king Priam, of the beautiful Helen, the wife of the King of Sparta, Menelaus was the casus belli. Then irregulars of kings from almost all the areas and cities of Greece, who at sometime had laid claim to Helen's hand and were connected by a vow to always aid him whose wife she became, were assembled. According to «Iliad» there were 100,000 warriors in the Achaean force, and 1,186 ships.
An
attempt to obtain Helen's return by negotiations (the
embassy of Menelaus and Odysseus to Priam) failed, and a
siege of the city began which lasted more than 9 years. The events of the final, 10th year of the war make up the content of "Iliad." Apollo's priest, Chryses, asked Agamemnon to return to him a daughter who had been taken captive, Chryseis, but was refused. Apollo, who had been aiding the Trojans, inflicted a plague on the Achaean forces. In order to propitiate the god, Agamemnon returned Chryses' daughter, but in exchange took Briseis from Achilles as his prisoner. The angry Achilles refused to take part in the war. The Achaeans began to meet with failure after this, and many heroes were casualties.
Only when the Trojans burst into the Achaean camp and began
to threaten the ships did Achilles send his friend Patroclus,
having given him his own armor. The Trojans ran to the
protection of the fortress walls, but Patroclus died by
Hector's hand. Achilles, avenging his friend and in new
armor forged by Hephaestus, entered the battle and killed
Hector, desecrating his body. Hector's father, the old Priam,
on coming to Achilles prayed for the return of his son's
body. At the sight of the father's grief, Achilles softened
and gave back Hector's body. "Iliad" ends with the funerals
of Patroclus and Hector.
Excavations in the places referred to in the myths about the
Trojac war supposedly confirm the historicity of a huge
military clash of Achaeans with the tribes of the
northwestern part of They suppose that the fall of Let us
assume Homer possessed a staggering memory and recalled all
the lines composed by him. But you see, the poems weren't
written during down his lifetime as well. Commentators
report to readers that a special commission in The
traditional historiography promotes the following version:
fellow citizens of the poet learned by heart all 700 pages,
then retold them to new audiences, who in their own turn, to
the next generations, and thus it was continued for several
centuries. For
the sake of fairness, it must be said that the 20th
century knows several outwardly similar cases. When the
Kirghiz, who live in Central Asia, received their written
language for the first time (the first half of the 20th
century), their national oral epos "Manas" finally was fixed
on paper, the text of which was handed down from generation
to generation. In
It would
seem, in relation to "Iliad" and "Odyssey," one also can
assume such a variant. But all the trouble is in the fact
that these poems over many centuries are the "Dark Ages"! -
they were not known to anyone. The traditional historians
themselves write: "In medieval
It is asked, where then was the text of the Homeric compositions for nearly 2,000 years? In which heads were they kept? And did a blind poet by the name of Homer exist in any event? Vico (1668-1744), the author of the work "Principles of the New Science Concerning the Common Nature of Nations" thought that the Homeric poems were written by various authors and in various epochs. He, as also many others, started from the works themselves. They were written as magnificent verse, polished to perfection, and strike one with a wealth of vocabulary and persistent expressions, and this testifies beyond controversy to the fact that the author or authors were grounded in the solid poetical traditions of their time. However, we know neither Homer's predecessors nor followers. As early as the 20th century, there existed the opinion that Homer created in proud solitude. On the other hand, the composition of the poems is loose, full of long, drawn out passages, unnecessary insertions and digressions, which don't relate to the subject. For specialists, this is serious evidence of the fact that more than one author had art and part in the creation of «Iliad» and "Odyssey." A question about the authorship of the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey" was put forward in 1795 also by the German scholar Friedrich August Wolf in a forward to an edition of the Greek text of the poems. Wolf considered the creation of a large epos in an illiterate period as impossible, suggesting that the tales were created by various poets.
Scholars were divided into "analysts," followers of Wolf's
theory (the German scholars Karl Lachmann, A Kirchhoff with
his theory of "small eposes;" G. Herman and the English
historian George Grote with their "theory of the basic
kernel," in Russia F.F. Zelinskiy shared it) and the "unitarians,"
adherents of a strict unity of the epos (the translator of
Homer, Johann Heinrich Voss and the philosopher Gregor
Wilhelm Nitzsch, Friedrich Schiller, Johann Wolfgan von
Goethe, and Hegel in Germany, and N.I. Gnedich, V.A.
Zhukovsky and Alexander Pushkin in Russia.)
At
the same time, however, not one of them doubted that
nonetheless there had been a Trojan War. The
archaeological digs performed later, in particular by
Heinrich Schliemann literally according to Homer's poems,
also somehow showed that the Trojans at sometime had been
beaten with the Achaeans there in particular where the
"Iliad" indicated. Contemporary commentators of the
"Iliad" and the "Odyssey" are in full rapture from
Schliemann: "The sensational discoveries of G. Schliemann
in 1870 - 80 have shown that . The
consistencies of a number of his finds in the fourth
tunneled tomb in
However,
in other works devoted to the Trojan War, the traditional
historians just as joyfully write: "Like
So,
finally, did Heinrich Schliemann discover As
regards the Trojan War itself, then it turns out there is
evidence of its immediate participants. That is, there was.
And these participants are called Dictis and Dares Phrygius.
Only they didn't live in great antiquity, but in the Middle
Ages and wrote not in Greek, but in the Latin language. At
that, their "dry and monotonous account of the facts of the
siege" was thought of more highly in those times than
"Homer's incredible poem." In particular, not just anybody
writes in such expressions but the traditional historians
themselves. The
journals of Dictis and Dares gave birth in medieval But,
perhaps, Dictis and Dares also were invented? Nothing like
it. Both of them are mentioned in Homer's poems. If one
recalls that the text of "Iliad" and "Odyssey" appeared for
the first time only in the 14th century, then everything
falls into place. They really existed and really wrote their
journals long before the author or authors of the poems
which afterwards mentioned them in their own compositions. There
is an interesting fact in the history of the Middle Ages:
supposedly in the 8th - 9th centuries A.D. at the
court of Charlemagne there lived the famous poet Englebert.
And he bore the name of Homer! Would he one way or the
other give his own name to the Greek variant of the
description of the Trojan War?
However, we won't persist in this, because there is one more
fact worthy of mentioning. The 19th century
German historian Ferdinand Gregorovius in the thorough
monograph, "A History of the City of In any
case, "Iliad" and "Odyssey" are belated works of art which
were created in the Renaissance epoch as the poetic peak of
all the "Trojan Cycle." (Gleb Nosovskiy, Anatoliy Fomenko " The
Trojan War in "ancient"
The
Trojan kingdom knows seven kings who ruled in sequence.
The first is the founder of the city and all the state.
The fall of
The Both
wars last almost equally: the first - 10, the second - 12
years. The
Trojan kingdom was destroyed twice. And these collapses are
the only ones in its history. In
the history of the The
two newcomer-strangers Jason and Hercules destroyed the
first Trojan kingdom. "Newcomers from the West. . .
captured the city" ("Trojan Legends") The
two newcomer-strangers Odoacer and Theodoric destroyed the
"purely Roman" Empire (First Empire), having invaded from
the northwest. After the
first destruction, the Trojan empire, in essence also
becomes Trojan: earlier it had been called the Dardan
Settlement. After the
first collapse, the The
Trojan name arose from the name of the new king, Troil, who
"built more than others in the city and gave it his own name
- A new name appears at the end of the Roman Empire II - the Emperor Trajan. The
newcomer Greeks complete the second and final destruction of
the Trojan kingdom.
The
second and final collapse of the Roman Empire III in the
West also is the handiwork of the newcomer Greco-Romans.
The
Trojan War flared up because of a woman - a so-called
offence to Helen, wife of Menelaus. The
Tarquin War was caused by an offence to Lucretia. This is
most colorfully described by Livy. A quarrel breaks out
between the husband rulers of the kingdoms over whose wife
is better. "Each extremely praises his own," and the
quarrel soon develops into an armed conflict. In the
tale about
According to Livy, Sextus Tarquinius seizes Lucretia and
dishonors her. . . Don't
let the numbering of Roman Empires I, II and III confuse the
readers. In the opinion of the adherents of the new
chronology, the real The
parallels between the Trojan and Gothic wars are endless.
Even the famous episode with the Trojan horse coincides.
What is known about it? It is so huge that several hundred
warriors were able to find room inside it. It stands on
wooden legs. It in some way got into the city. In "Iliad" it
says that the stupid Trojans pulled it into
Is
there anything similar in the Gothic war? Of course. The
Greeks also used guile in the storming of The
evidence of the fact that the famous Trojan horse is the
poetic form of the real aqueduct water supply is not
complicated. The first Trojan chronicles which reached us,
as we recall, were written in Latin. And in Latin the word
"horse" is written "equa," and water is "aqua." That is,
practically the same. Moreover, the word aqueduct - "aqua-ductio"
- "that which leads water" is identical to the word "that
which leads a horse" - "equa-ductio." There is a difference
in only one vowel.
Therefore, aqueduct also was changed into a perception of the late foreign authors who confused one vowel, in horse, which called into being a blossoming of absurd legends about the Trojan horse. It must be said that there are a lot of similar events in literature, and it concerns in particular the literature and not the true history. Only the most well-known. We already have talked about the fact that in the translation of the Old Testament from Hebrew to Greek the And so the aqueduct in the passing of centuries in the poems was changed into the Trojan horse. The classical period in this story, according to the accepted periodization, embraces the time from the threshold of the 6th and 7th centuries to 338 B.C. Greece had to defend its distinctive character and right to existence in a struggle with the Achaemenid power, which was realizing its expansion to the West. Let us chose one moment in this battle: In 480 B.C., a huge Persian army and navy under the leadership of King Xerxes invaded Greece. Despite the heroic resistance of a detachment of Spartans headed by King Leonidas in the Thermopylae ravine, the Persians broke through to Central Greece. The population of Athens fled, the conquerors captured the city and plundered it. The main events occurred in 479 B.C., when the Persians endured two defeats - both on the land and at sea. Greece had been able to defend its independence. The legendary battle at Thermopylae of 300 Spartans with the Xerxes horde is well known to the whole civilized world. It is glorified in many works as an example of fearlessness and bravery of people in a struggle for the freedom and independence of their country. The "father of history" Herodotus wrote about it in his monumental work, "The Histories," which is devoted mainly to the wars of the Greeks with the Persians. But whether there was such a battle in actual fact and really whether Herodotus lived in the 5th century B.C. evokes deep and well-founded doubts. Having glanced at Ferdinand Gregorovius' writing devoted to medieval Greece, we will find there a detailed description of the same battle. With only one difference: instead of the Spartans, 300 knights were active in it. The events in the Middle Ages developed according to the same plan as with "antiquity." (According to the "historic cycle"!) Byzantine and Turkish forces attack the country (1275 A.D.) Much about them is curious, the navy supports them from the sea. They surround the city of Neopatria. The city's ruler, having safely escaped and stealing his way through Thermopylae to Duke Jean la Roche, asks him for help. The latter gathers 300 well armed knights and meets the aggressors in the Thermopylae ravine. By the way, among the knights is Lord de Saint Homer, that is, of the Homers. But this is an aside. At the sight of the large numbers of enemy, Jean la Roche pronounces the famous phrase: "Many people, but few men." It is well known by the fact that, it turns out, the Persian King Xerxes pronounced it 1,800 years before the duke, when he was preparing to battle with the 300 Spartans. Here are Herodotus' precise words: "Then, one can say, it became clear to all, and especially to the king himself, that the Persians have many people, but among them the men are few." An
absolute coincidence. Therefore, it cannot be accidental.
Ferdinand Gregorovius is in some confusion from such a turn:
"It seems to me that these words are borrowed from
Herodotus.. . Although its expression was able to enter the
duke's head simply at the sight of a similar state of
affairs." The author, naturally, is in no condition even to
imagine that it is a question of one and the same battle,
and that, most likely, Herodotus was writing his book not in
great antiquity, but as early as after the battle at
Thermopylae, not earlier than the 14th century.
Otherwise, he would not have found out what the most gallant
and worthy duke had said.
Ferdinand Gregorovius generally notes quite a few
coincidences that occurred in the Middle Ages, with the
period of "antiquity." For example, of the sort: "Suleiman,
the valiant son of Orhan, crossed the
The next famous event in Ancient Greece is the
Peloponnesian War of 431 - 404 B.C. It is described in
detail by Thucydides, a military leader and Greek historian
of that time, in "The History of the Peloponnesian War."
The traditional historiography reports that his work became
will known in
The
historians are saying nothing and because of the fact that
the views of Thucydides', who is well-known for his
aphorism, are very close to the logical creations of the
father of political science, Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527
A.D.), who thought that in history one must search for
methods of strengthening sovereign power and that its main
goal is to serve the interests of the rulers. Thucydides
expressed himself more abstractly, but per se he thought the
same way: "History is a philosophy in examples." With such
an approach there cannot even be talk about an objective
account of the movement of events that took place. This is a
view of a medieval historian who worked for the sake of
certain goals. And you see, between Thucydides and
Machiavelli, in the opinion of the traditional chronology,
is the abyss of centuries. Let us
look at what Thucydides writes. In 431
B.C., a war broke out between the Peloponnesian and Athenian
naval allies, which had seized all of
Adherents of the new chronology think that well-known
medieval war in
The
people of
In
both cases, the war started a year after the meetings. In
the Middle Ages, the Peloponnesian and Corinthians invade
the enemy's territory. The Corinthian principality is the
strongest in Peloponnesia in that epoch. The
Spartans (Peloponnesians) headed by the Peloponnesian
Alliance attack In
both cases the war bears a violent nature. Both Gregorovius
and Thucydides write about it. At
the end of the war of the 14th century, Nerio
Acciaiuoli becomes the leader. A successful military leader,
a fine diplomat. His forces capture
At the end of the Peloponnesian War, the Spartan Lysander advanced into first place. A successful military leader, a fine diplomat. He destroyed the Athenian state in particular. The
storming of
The
victor Nerio establishes a new political order - tyranny. He
is now called "the Athenian Tyrant." The
fact that brought itself to the attention of the adherents
of the new chronology is that Thucydides in his "History"
described three eclipses which occurred in the
It is
useless to argue with astronomy. Therefore, one may say
unambiguously that there were no such eclipses in ancient
The
mathematical methods used in the analysis of traditional
history have shown that these shifts and carry-overs are not
chaotic. The have approximately the same magnitude and are
found in hundreds of cases. And what is more in accordance
with the "historic cycles" and Masonic numerology with its
magical numbers. The graphical representation of the
Scaliger chronology, created by contemporary scholars, even
looks on the surface like symbols of masonry - the compass
(Greek history) and the set square (Roman history.) This, as
Dmitri Kalyuzhny and Aleksandr Zhabinsky write, is the
"composite center" of Scaliger history. ("The Other
History of Wars")
Moving further along the time scale, we come to
Alexander of Macedonia. In the traditional history it is
recounted that a new force gradually ripened in the north of
As
early as with Alexander's father war starts with the
Persians, however, the murder of Phillip in 336 B.C.
postponed the realization of the Eastern Crusade for some
time. Having come to the throne, Alexander cruelly dealt
with the father's killers and possible pretenders to the
throne. In the
spring of 334 B.C., the Macedonian army and allied Greek
detachments ferry to Having
finished its conquest, Alexander entered Later,
Alexander captures the
During the stay in
In the
spring of 331 B.C., Alexander moved to the north. Crossing
the
Now
Alexander already had been dreaming about worldwide rule. He
conquered vast areas along the
The
king's policy at that time was directed at the unification
of his huge state. A broad campaign for the founding of new
cities in the conquered territories is put into practice
(Alexander viewed them as the strong points of his power.)
He also was preparing for new campaigns. However, at the
A fine
subject, worthy of the pen of a great writer. A whole epic,
compressed by us to the dimensions of one page. But, alas,
it is not original. The empire of Alexander of Macedonia has
too many of the same features as the Osman (Ottoman) Empire,
which was founded in the 15th Century by Mahomet
II. He conquered countries just as it is described in the
legends about the Macedonian. In a comparison of the maps
of the Osman Empire and the Macedonian empire, it is clearly
visible that the European and There
are overly curious pages in the medieval writings and
manuscripts connected with the Macedonian and Mahomet II.
In some Turkish documents of that time, Mahomet II is
glorified as Alexander! In others - of European origin -
Alexander the Macedonian pays compliments. . . to
One
may add that, in the opinion of the medieval authors,
"Orpheus is the contemporary of Aeneas, Sardanapal - the
King of Greece, and Julian the Apostate - a Papal chaplain.
That is, a multitude of epochs, countries and names is
supposedly fully mingled. It is not difficult to understand
the contemporary historians when they write that in the
Middle Ages "the notion of chronological consistency almost
was lost. . . Everything in this world takes on a fantastic
coloring. The most coarse anachronisms and the strangest
fabrications get along peacefully. The basis for such a
conclusion is the same: the medieval evidence does not
correspond to the place of Scaliger and Petavius. Well, and
since they do not correspond, then, consequently, in the
Middle Ages everyone was going crazy together, and hardly
had started to write history. And the medieval author
Fredegarius Scholasticus even pointed to King Priam (from
the legendary As we
see, the documents of that time are full of names which
supposedly belonged to distant ancestors. This seems absurd
and laughable, because today the notion reigns that in the
Middle Ages names were distributed that weren't in
"antiquity." A mistaken notion. Books, messages, and letters
of that time are evidence of it. For example, Georgius
Phrantzae in "History" (1258 - 1476 A.D.) names his
contemporaries: But it
shows only that not only various events, but also the names
of their heroes were replicated and referred to in the
distant past, according to the historic cycles. (Anatoliy
Fomenko, Gleb Nosovskiy "Which Century Is It Now?")
In
history textbooks it is emphasized that the time of
Alexander of Macedonia was noted by many important
achievements in Greek literature, science, philosophy and
art, and it is connected with the creation of such prominent
thinkers of antiquity as, for example, Plato. And generally,
then a significant phenomenon sprang up in the history of
ancient
The 15th
century A.D. is in no way distinguished from antiquity in
this regard. The fall of
Everything is correct except the word "anew." There was
nothing "anew," everything was for the first time. And that
which is ascribed to antiquity is a duplicate of medieval
events and personalities. Even Plato is a duplicate.
Supposedly it is known of traditional history that "Plato
was the greatest representative of the idealistic school in
ancient Greek philosophy. He created the Academy - a school
of philosophy in which his students were united. The notion
of ideas became the basis of Plato's instruction - of the
eternal and unchanging image patterns of things, the weak
reflections of which are the subjects of the real world."
(Encyclopedia) It is
thought that his instruction died in order to be reborn
several hundred years later reappears in the famous Plotinus
(205 - 270 A.D.) His name, it is clear, is absolutely
accidental, and practically identical to Plato's name. Then
Platonicism again for some reason dies, in order to be
reborn in the 15th century in the teaching . . of Pleton!
He also is almost Plato and also a famous philosopher,
writer and public figure. For
fullness of the picture, let us say that Plato's ideas
appear out of nowhere for the first time from in the 15th
century, at the high point of Pleton's activity, and that
Pleton organizes in Italy, in Florence, the Pleton Academy -
an exact analogue of the Platonist Academy. And the
fact is of interest that Pleton writes "Utopia," as did
Plato, and also "A Treatise on Laws," following in
everything his own "ancient" predecessor, the author of the
treatise "Laws." At the same time, the Pleton of the 15th
century as too the ancient Plato, promotes the idea of an
ideal state. The
traditional historians know all this well. All the examples
cited by us have been taken from their works. It would seem
the conclusions suggest themselves: the ancient Plato is the
duplicate of the medieval Pleton! But no, it is impossible
to violate Scaliger's chronology, and therefore, Plotinus
and Pleton are declared neoplatonists, that is, followers of
Plato. The
development of art in the 4th century A.D.
reflects the new phenomena of Greek society, it is said in
the solid works devoted to antiquity. Greek sculpture knows
many prominent masters (Scopas, Leochares, Bryaxis,
Praxiteles, Lysippus.) Their works supposedly have been
found with various excavations, often just "by accident."
Travelers bring them to museums and merchants sell them,
who, heaven knows by which routes, have obtained the
"antique" from some kind of unknown secondhand dealer.
But
here is the trouble: from time to time it turns out that one
or the other work is counterfeit. From century to century
skilled craftsmen are discovered who work "like the old
days" in order to earn their daily living. A great deal of
books have been written about the counterfeit industry, no
less fascinating than the detective stories of famous
writers. At that, they tell only about those cases when
falsifications have been discovered. And how many have not
been discovered! . . Here are only several subjects. We
already have talked about the origin of a series of
"ancient" sculptures. Even the great Michelangelo sinned
with counterfeits in his youth. He created a figurine of
Cupid and at the suggestion of a friend sold it as an
antique original. The forgery presently was uncovered, but
the sculptor was already well known: they thought that he
was able to "ascend to the mastery of the ancient
sculptors." The
famous Benvenuto Cellini told in his own autobiography how
he created vases which were declared as antique: "By this
little job I obtained much." There were sculptors who even
specialized in this source of counterfeits. One of them was
so successful that he merited the nickname Antico. Israel
Rouchomovsky was famous in the 19th century, the author of a
whole series of "antiques." The Louvre bought the "tiara of
Saitapharnes" from him for 200,000 francs as an original of
3rd century B.C. Grecian art. Only later did it become clear
that the figures on the tiara were copied from pictures out
of an atlas of cultural history published in 1882. They were
made so skillfully that they didn't believe Rouchomovsky
when he announced his authorship of the tiara. Then he
produced a series of "antiques" of his own productions and
the museum gave in. They
called Alceo Dessena the king of antique forgeries. He had a
special workshop which flooded the worldwide market with
counterfeit antiquities: "Athenian" statues, sculptures "a
la Gothic," and statuettes "three thousand years old."
Afterward Dossena exposed himself. The fact is that he, as
did Rouchomovsky, had been using the services of a firm for
marketing in "antiquities" and became dissatisfied that they
paid him so little. And he decided to take revenge. But
they didn't believe him! Then, in 1927, he shot a film
about how he made an "antique" statue of a goddess. Only
here did he convince everyone. In
1937, a certain Honon, while plowing a field not far from
Brizet, found a marble statue of Venus. Specialists
unanimously proclaimed it a work of the first century B.C.
Honon received 250,000 francs for a "creation of Praxiteles
or Phidias." But in 1938, the sculptor Francesco Cremonese,
declared that he had hidden a statue of his own execution in
the field. And he proved this. And he had completed the
forgery in order to show to everyone of what he was capable
as a sculptor. Though,
as regards "ancient" sculptures and other works of
"antiquity," one can manage even without these examples. It
is enough just to glance into the textbooks and study aids
for specialists who talk about the properties of natural
stones. Here
is what is said about marble: "A stone, like metals, subject
to corrosion. The stone's corrosion appears in the form of
peeling, splitting, swelling and a loosening of the rock,
the appearance of cracks, splotchiness, cavities and
scabbings, discoloration or coloration of the stone's
surface in dark tones, the appearance of brown and greenish
spots of organic origin. Among
damages of the surface layer one also can pick out a sugary
and scaly disintegration of the stone. The sugary
disintegration of marble is caused by the uneven
disintegration of the surface layer. At the same time, the
rough surface of the stone resembles the texture of sugar.
.
. . It is necessary to note that the Italian, Greek, and
Turkish classifications of the stone do not use the term
"marbleized limestone." An overwhelming quantity of
limestone is called marble.
The durability of limestone is 120 years. The durability of
real marble is up to 300 years! It is worth scrutinizing
marble sculptures which are displayed in museums as
authentic works of two millennia ago and right away it will
become clear when they were made.
And,
finally, about archaeological monuments. For the start,
let's say that the first catalogue of inscriptions and local
names of monuments in
Ferdinand Gregorovius notes, "over the course of time, the
original name of the majority of ancient Athenian monuments,
from which in many cases only individual ruins remained, was
forgotten." One can understand the historian's assertion.
According to his ideas, the monuments had to be named as it
said in the "ancient" writings. And living people were
calling them otherwise! That means, they had forgotten the
original names. Ferdinand Gregorovius does not offer other
variants. That they named the monument themselves is, in the
opinion of the traditional historians, absurd. They
considered the remnants of the Olympion in those days as a
basilica, "since no one knew that it is the ruins of the
once world renowned In
1678, Babin didn't know where the The
traditional historiography, thus, supposes that not only the
authors of the medieval writings, but also simply the
residents of There
were not dreamers. They were guided by personal recollection
and real knowledge, and what the creators of "antiquity,"
who were in no way satisfied with the Ciriacus catalog,
write later about As sad as it is to part with the usual ideas mastered while still in school about Ancient Greece, one need recognize that it is only a reflection of medieval
CHAPTER NINETEEN MANKIND'S DISPLACED MEMORY
For some centuries already researchers have been
trying to understand and explain the nature of
anti-Semitism. It has spread everywhere. Its
manifestations are found even in those countries such as
These feelings more often than not have no
relation to specific Jews. It is impossible to count how
many mixed marriages have been performed, are being
performed and will be performed in all the countries
where Jews live. The count comes to many hundreds of
thousands in the Such
a relationship influences even Jews themselves. Jewish
anti-Semitism is wide spread among a significant part of
them. At the everyday level, it is manifested in the
fact that one or the other man considers himself a true
Jew, and those compatriots whom he hates, are
degenerates: "They
disgrace us, the real Jews."
A
great deal of the works of the anti-Semitic sense have
been written by Jewish authors who attempt to distance
themselves from those who as before consider themselves
representatives of this people. State and public
figures, businessmen, artists and painters who have,
besides others, Jewish roots too, as a rule, conceal the
fact. Jews, who have converted to Christianity or in
general have rejected any kind of religion, often are
the most consistent anti-Semites. The brightest examples
are the inquisitor Torquemad and the atheist Karl Marx.
The prominent 19th century researcher Daniil
Khvolson considered that in a century "nearly 150 Jews
who converted to Christianity published essays that were
hostile with respect to Jews. . . five or six of
them were filled with phantasmagoria about ritual
murders. (Daniil Avraamovich
Khvolson. On Some Medieval
Accusations against Jews. A Historical
Investigation according to Sources. - St. Petersburg,
1880, pages 279-280).
The prevalence of anti-Semitism and its influence
on people stumps researchers. Prominent men of letters,
historians, philosophers and even businessmen (Henry
Ford) have taken up this topic. They have held to
various views of Jewry, often diametrically opposed,
about which we were speaking in the beginning of the
book. They have brought in as evidence whole libraries
of works. Nevertheless, the problem has not been made
clear so far.
Many contemporary scientists trace the reasons
for anti-Semitism to xenophobia. Indeed, xenophobia,
which means in translation from the Greek "fear of
foreigners," underlies all nationalistic views. As has
been discovered, it is even a principle of animal
psychology, which gave birth to natural selection. In
the animal world the outsider, as a rule, brings danger.
Therefore, our smaller brothers will not accept
outsiders. And, in the opinion of psychologists,
primitive man inherited this phobia, transferring the
notion of "outsider" to unknown tribes. They ascribe
aggressiveness, ill-will and a whole spectrum of
negative anti-humanistic features to the other people.
Their own
on the other hand - they endow with all possible virtues
that serve as a psychological justification of the
negative relationship to strangers » (V. Iliushenko)
However, all of this concerns nationalism and
xenophobia on the whole. As regards anti-Semitism, then
its broadest prevalence testifies to additional roots,
which define its uniqueness as a
social phenomenon.
We see these roots most of all in the existence
in the Middle Ages of a worldwide empire of monotheists.
When the adherents of Judaism, Semites from the Middle
East, changed into a predominant priestly caste in the
worldwide Catholic-Judaic empire (they called themselves
Catholics!) when they took to introducing monotheism
there and everywhere by force of arms, when, finally, in
its name they began to remove from people the last
property to the treasury of the emperor, then did hatred
for the Jews flare up as a bright flame, leaving the
deepest footprint on the historical
memory. This hatred raged
especially frantically after the empire collapsed and
nothing protected the "Jew-foreigners" any longer.
Competition extremely intensified the situation
on the part of the Christian trade and financial capital
that was again coming into being. And as expected by the
new participants of the struggle for supremacy in the
trade and financial markets, they established as their
goal the weakening, and still better - the extermination
of the Jewish competitors, who no longer were supported
by the military power of the former empire. A colossal
public relations smear campaign of the caste of duty and
tax collectors was created for these purposes.
The
newcomers must be given their due: they brilliantly used
the chronic hatred of the tax-payers. When they were
unable to beat the competitors with smarter
transactions, the new masters of the finances and
markets elevated the people to the fight under slogans
of extermination of those who believed otherwise, the
damned murderers of Jesus Christ, the enemies of
mankind, the devils incarnate. And then, sometimes in
one country and sometimes in another, the pogroms rolled
and the fires of auto-da-fe blazed.
Often, when one really wanted to rob the Jews,
the monarchs didn't bother themselves with slogans and
appeals. Daniil Khvolson cites such a fact:
"The German emperor of the time, Albrecht, in the capacity of, as he said, the heir of the emperors Vespasian, Titus and Charlemagne, declared claims to the supreme truths over the French Jews. Consequently, the King (Phillippe IV "The Fair") suddenly detained all the Jews of France, men and women, old people and children, for one day, took from them all personal assets and real estate, confiscated for his own use all their debts to Christians and, leaving them only the shirt on their backs, banished 100,000 people from the country, having made them beggars. "Here are your Jews! " - he mockingly said then to the German emperor. " Daniil Khvolson does not mention the paradoxical, at first glance, situation: the king considers the claims of the German emperor on the French Jews are normal. One would think, for what reason can one state manifest its laws on the citizens of another country? It can be only in the case if it is a question of people who have a supranational status that everyone recognizes. Calling himself the heir of the emperors Vespasian, Titus and Charlemagne, Albrecht was speaking, per se, about the legacy of the empire of monotheists.
In "A History of Anti-Semitism," Leon Poliakov
also cites data which is evidence of the purely material
justification for the persecution of the Jews: "The connection between the struggle for the purity of the truth and the class or caste interests is especially keenly observed in Castile, where from the end of the 13th century (according to the Scaliger chronology - author's note) ) the strengthening bourgeoisie received their own representation in the chapter, and also the right to send their own delegates to parliament (Cortes) and to approve taxes." They
themselves didn't keep the pogroms waiting. The arising
bourgeoisie elevated the rabble against the
Jews. The slogans
are curious under which the crowds threatened those who
believed otherwise: "In
In many works devoted to anti-Semitism, a list of
Jewish pogroms and persecutions is cited which were
committed in various centuries. Here are some lines from
this list: 1391
- The
pogrom in
We propose that these events need to be dated as the second half of the 15th century, with a time interval of 30 - 40 years. On ". . . We have received information from the inquisitors and from other persons that contact of Jews with Christians is leading to the worst of consequences. . As a result, our sacred Catholic faith has been humbled and dishonored. Thus, we have come to the conclusion that the only effective means to put an end to these misfortunes consists of the final severance of all contacts between Jews and Christians, and this can be achieved only by the expulsion of the Jews from our kingdom" Leon Poliakov)
Events in neighboring
"A blasphemous farce, caused by the lowest and vilest of material motives" - such was the verdict in the 20th century of Menendez y Pelayo.
The "Jewish
Encyclopedia" cites the following numbers: from
Over time, the persecution of the Jews took on a
mystical
nature. As their role was forgotten in an empire that
had passed into non-existence, the existence itself of
this group of people began to be perceived as evidence
of Satan's schemes. They had become the embodiment of
the dark forces, the conductors of Evil in this world.
And they were idolized in their own way, they both
observed customs which were not the customs of their own
people and they prepared something like their own
nourishment. But chiefly, the world's gold literally
stuck to their hands. It is not unlike the Devil
protected them.
This accusation was especially popular in the
decades when the plague and cholera epidemics savaged
In Chillon a certain Jew under torture
"confessed," that some of his like believers in the
south of
They distributed
the powder made from this mixture among the communities
so as to scatter it into the wells from which the
Christians drew water for drinking. This supposedly also
caused the terrible epidemic around all of
And most
often, accusations were repeated of the kidnapping of
Christian infants and their ritual
murder. However,
not everything is understood with these accusations.
Traditional historians with some surprise noted that
before the 12th century, Christian society not once made
similar accusations concerning the Jews. There are some
reports about murders committed for magical and
bewitching purposes, but Jews do not figure in them, but
heathens.
Reflecting on this fact, the historians assume
that "Obviously, the influence of the horrors which were
enkindled by the crusades was decisive." It turns out
that before the crusades, they were speaking about the
bloody customs of the Jews nevertheless, but quietly,
and so the crusades for the liberation of the Holy
sepulcher added fuel to the fire.
How so? It is enough to read the records of one
of the participants of the crusade, Robert de Clari,
which have been preserved to our time, in order to see
what goals the crusaders had set for themselves. They
thought about money and plunder, but not about the Holy
Sepulcher. And even in general their goal was "slaughter
the Saracens," and not "save the Sepulcher." There is
not a single word about Jesus or the cross or about the
Holy Sepulcher! (Edgar Holmes
McNeal The Conquest
of In our
opinion, they did not accuse the Jews of ritual killings
for the reason that the Israelites, that is the followers
of monotheism, were everyone in that period. Above
all they are the ruling elite of the empire! And only
then when the empire collapsed, was all that mud, which
previously had fallen onto the polytheists, slung onto
the Jews. The
dubious honor of the birth of blood libel belongs to
The first
accusation and first murder of a Jew. A broken-down
debtor knight of the dead boy cut him down. "An accidental
coincidence," write the traditional historians.
Hugo of Lincoln in There was also
such a variant of the accusations: In the If
one is to believe the modern Russian anti-Semite Oleg
Platonov, then in the Kievan caves are preserved to this
day relics of Saint Evstratius, "who was crucified on a
cross by Jews on Good Friday in a rite of slandering
Jesus Christ in 1096" (Oleg Platonov, Russia's Crown of
Thorns. A Secret of
Lawlessness. Judaism and
Freemasonry versus Christian Civilization. - Moscow, 1998, page
109) In
many cases they availed themselves of the accusations of
ritual murders soberly and prudently. S. Resnick, who has
researched the history of blood libel in detail, writes:
"The
schemes were well developed. An ordinary Christian
child crucified or killed by other means excites the
crowd and causes a pogrom during which . . the Christians succeed
in making a good profit. Later the authorities
intervene. They calm down the
crowd. . . and impose an indemnity on the Jewish
community. When little of this is
found, they expel the Jews, having robbed them blind.
A simple and reliable
method to supplement the emptied treasury of a landlord,
monastery or kingdom. » Tales of
man-eating Jews who kidnapped youths, in order to revel
in Christian blood in the secret ceremonies of their
"Basurman" religion, were part of the consciousness of the
peoples of
But even this, in our view, does not fully
clarify the reasons and incurability of anti-Semitism.
The history of mankind knows quite a number of wars in
which the enemies committed inconceivable atrocities in
relation to each other. Nonetheless, in the historical memory of peoples,
who at some time have suffered huge losses during
battles and in years of lawlessness, there is no chronic
hatred. No one takes revenge on the heirs of former
enemies, experiences jealousy and alarm, and having seen
them, calls on fellow citizens for the destruction of
the "strangers." Only the Jews alone are favored with
such an honor. Modern psychoanalysis gives a persuasive explanation for this phenomenon. It has revealed that human consciousness breaks up and replaces unpleasant memories.
Here is a typical syndrome described in
psychiatric textbooks. A father,
overall an easy-tempered man, while drinking whiskey,
lit a cigar and treated his son roughly and cruelly.
When the son had
grown, and his father has died, the son with trepidation
began to react to his memory, in many respects
exaggerating the father's actions. The unpleasant
memories have been crushed completely and sincerely.
However, with the smell of cigar smoke asthmatic spasms
and the on-set of asphyxia started in him. Treatment
with medicines has not helped, and then the
psychiatrists, while doing a checkup, ascertain that in
the son's consciousness the memories of the real father
were split: the "good" father was
idealized, and the "bad" replaced and displaced into the
subconscious. And it reacted to cigar smoke. A further
development of this scientific course which is called
neo-freudism, has led to the discovery that something
similar happens with social memory. One
can fully seriously contend that memories of the real
empire of the Israelites, in many respects cruel and
ruthless, have been split in the consciousness of
European society into a good hundred idealized stories
and one displaced memory. Among the
versions, according to the reasons for the events of
those years, our historical memory has brought into the
world the "ancient Roman," "Byzantine," "ancient Greek,"
"ancient Jewish," "ancient Russian," "Mongolian,"
"ancient Chinese" and some other histories. In which
connection, as already was shown, they are idealized,
that is, they are distinguished by the brilliant heroism
of the participants of the events, by their nobility, by
the pure feelings, by fearlessness in the struggle for
justice and the like. Chroniclers and
historians have called and call the ancient times the
"Golden Age," when both people were supposedly better
and life considerably more interesting. The very
role of the "cigar" in the public memory has fallen to
Judaism.
Taking after Freud, S. Resnick emphasizes that
the legend of the "use of Christian blood" is nothing
other than the transfer to the Jews of an anti-Semite's
own secret longings.
"Christianity has condemned human sacrifice as a
terrible sin, but the atavistic inclination for orgies
of blood has not disappeared. It has been
suppressed, displaced into the subconscious. And afterwards it was
carried over to the Jews. . ." (S. Resnick, The Seduction of
Hatred. Blood Libel in
Thus, at the root of anti-Semitism, in our view,
lies the displaced memory of mankind
about the cruel and bloody features of the first empire
of monotheists. The facts
connected with the cardinal question:
when did Anti-Semitism
arise? testify, in
particular, to the validity of our approach to this
phenomenon.
Indeed, did it exist until the Middle Ages? The
author of the well-known work, "A History of
Anti-Semitism," Leon Poliakov, thinks that anti-Semitism
arose in the Hellenistic era, and is dated by the period
of Alexander the Great's campaigns to the 30s of our
era. The first manifestations of anti-Jewish sentiments
are observed, in his opinion, in the city of
V. Iliushenko, an
Orthodox historian, author of numerous articles about
the mutual relations of Christianity and Judaism, holds
another view:
"Anti-Semitism existed before Christianity. It has a pagan origin.
And it is connected
with the fact that Judaism, which the Jews professed, is
a monotheistic religion, it opposed the pagan polytheism
in a natural way. The facts of Jewish
pogroms were well known as early as the first century
B.C. in
As we see, the opinions agree on one thing: the
first pogroms supposedly took place in ancient
Thus it happened, for example, with the speeches
and letters of
"You know, Laelius, what kind of a gang this is,
how they hold together, what influence they exert on the
meetings. Therefore, I will
speak in a low voice in order that only the judges can
hear me, because many people will be found who are ready
to set this crowd on me and on every respectable man,
and we don't want to make this easier. . ."
"The Jewish people are spread over the whole
earth, scattered among the residents of a multitude of
countries." "There is neither one
city of the Hellenes and not one of the barbarian people
where our custom of celebration of the Sabbath, fasting
and lighting of candles would not have penetrated,"
writes Josephus Flavius supposedly at the start of the
new era. Meanwhile, as the adherents of the new chronology have shown, there is evidence of the fact that his compositions were written after the sailing of Christopher Columbus. Max Weber is categorical: "The universal propagation of 'anti-Semitism' in antiquity is a fact." Theodor Mommsen maintains: "From
Horace's slight mockeries of the obsessive Jews from the
Roman ghetto it was a huge step to the absolute hatred
of Tacitus for these fiends of
a humankind, for whom everything clean is
unclean, and all that is unclean is clean. . ." ("Roman
History," volume V) The hatred of Tacitus is not the least classical. Tacitus himself appeared at that time when it had become necessary to have an ancient history of an arising Up to now, no one has attempted to explain how Tacticus's manuscript came to be in a German monastery, how it was preserved there 1,500 years and why they had not used it all this time. (Dr. Lucas Brasi, Der große Schwindel. Bausteine für eine wahre Geschichte der Antike. 1955) That which is "ancient anti-Semitism" is in fact a tracing of the anti-Semitism of a completely different era, and by implication the traditional historians recognize themselves, and even everyone, who for some kind of reasons is involved with this problem. True, they are expressed carefully, using words of the type "surprisingly," "strangely enough," "mysteriously," and the like. But the essence remains the following:
"Antiquity in interrelations with the Jews
demonstrates to us the features, which sometimes
surprisingly are reminiscent of a new time, even the last century or
the last decades. . . The principle
factors which define even now the situation of "Jewry"
already were present in antiquity. » So
writes Igor Shafarevich, who stands on the side of
"moderate" anti-Semitism. One of the most surprising peculiarities of the persecutions consists of the fact that they have born, so to speak, a cyclical nature. Periods of persecutions where replaced by an invitation to the Jews to return to the countries from where they were expelled. Characteristic in this regard is ". . . the true Christianity of the Jews was suppressed as a result of the actions of the much more numerous heathens who did not endure the simplicity and full agreement with the reason of this Jewish Christianity (.. . ) Thanks to that very same heathen tradition, veneration of the saints, prayers for the dead, the worship of icons and other manifestations of Greek and Roman superstitions were introduced, not the least trace of which it is impossible to find anywhere in the Bible. » A brave
assertion for the start of the 18th century. In the
work, "Arguments in Favor of the Naturalization of Jews
in Great Britain and Ireland," John Toland assures his readers of the
fact that a significant part of them has Jewish blood in
their veins, especially this concerns the Scots, "which
is the reason for which numerous residents of this part
of the island experience a significant aversion to pork
and blood pudding, while not speaking of some other
easily noticed coincidences."
It is
funny to read that Jewish blood flows in the veins of
Scots. It is much more serious to presume that in
the Scots a bias toward pork has remained since the
times of the empire of the monotheists! But we are getting
into details already.The main thing
in the other, in Toland's opinion, is the Jews need to
return to Why?
John Toland, as too
many other authors, insists on special Jewish abilities,
which were claimed again by yesterday's thugs and
murderers. A weak
basis. The heirs of the imperial publicans and
money-lenders did not possess any kind of special
economic and financial talents, without which those
driven out of a country, in particular,
Then nations generally didn't exist in the modern meaning of this word. People defined themselves according to beliefs. When Jesus Christ said that "there is neither Greek nor Jew" before the Most High, he didn't have in mind Jews and Greeks as nations, as it is understood now by the popular perception. By Jews in the Gospels they have in mind the followers of the teachings of Moses, that is monotheists, and by Greeks - pantheists, the heathens who recognize polytheism. Not an ethnic, but a religious classification of the population held sway. This tradition has been maintained in many countries to now. In Jewry itself, deeply believing people even up to the present time think Jews only are those who religiously obey the instructions of the Torah. Therefore, a non-believer for them is not a Jew, even if all his forefathers were faithful Jews. But they unconditionally recognize as Jews, for example, native Russian peasants from the Instead of "nation" in the historical sources are met the expressions "Germanic tribes" (for example, the Angles, Saxons, Francs and Goths), the "Slavonic tribes" (the Krivichi, Polieni, Drevliani, and Vyatichi), the "Iberian tribes" (the Picts, Basques, Turdetans, Torduls) and so on. The common word "tribes" here is accompanied by definitions of the "Germanic," "Slavonic," and "Iberian." . . But the are the ideas equivalent that are contained in these definitions to the idea of "nation"?
The first edition of the
Encyclopedia Britannica ( Once we have touched upon the etymology of the names of tribes and nations, we shall clarify what "Jew" means. According to the research of Emile Benveniste, a first-rate modern expert in these questions, "Jew," besides "stranger" means the same thing that "Hun" and "Tatar" and "Turk" mean. They express the idea of a "mixed people" in various languages. And today there is the international word hybrid (English hybrid "dissimilar, mixed," Italian ibrido. ) Jews (English Hebrew,-they themselves are Iberian) - this is a mixed population in the ethnic sense of the medieval Nations and peoples were formed only after the fact as states rose on the ruins of the empire. They are the produce of the historical development of recent centuries! And only the Scaliger chronology has allowed transferring to the depths of the centuries the realities of the newest times and to declare peoples as ancient, and others supposedly as young. We all are from the same time. Traditional history, but of course,
does not agree with this. It thinks that the formation
of peoples went in accordance with a plan that was
clearly prescribed in the march of Moses: they left from some
kind of region for another region, conquered the
aboriginals of that place, organized a state in the new
place headed by some ruler, lived through a period of
flourishing and. were turned into aboriginals for new
conquerors. Thus did the ancient
"ethnos" appear and disappear, and circles of human
civilization replaced each other, while being elevated
according to the Marxist spiral supposedly all the way
to the 17th century, when, at last, modern nations were formed by the
labors of the humanists.
Here is such a plan which was highlighted as
early as in the Old Testament, according to which the
whole Scaliger chronology was constructed. In it, it
would seem, even the history of the Jews is confined.
However, how does one explain the fact that they do not
disappear? From all the other "most ancient ethnos" some
names remain, and Jews as they were, so have they too
remained in this world. An inexplicable anomaly. Just as, in the best
case, is "the riddle of the historical process," in the
worst are the "intrigues of Satan." But
let us return to the questions of just what the secret
of the return of the Jews to one or the other country
is. It consisted, above all, of their financial and trade
connections. No persecutions were able to extirpate
the traditions of the former imperial caste, the
solidarity of its members, professionals in financial
spheres, their mutual aid and support. Their connections
ranged to all countries, regardless of borders and
distances. They knew that without economic and financial
interaction with neighbors not one state can exist, and
therefore, sooner or later their experience, skills and
their business contacts again will be needed. And when
they invited them, they returned to continue their
business. It is clear, with a great advantage for
themselves. There is no place for unselfishness in
business.
"The chimerical
nationality of the Jew is the nationality of a merchant,
generally of a man of means. Money is the jealous
god of
The Jews were also extremely useful as skilled
craftsmen, experienced physicians, musicians,
naturalists and even simply a literate people. In the
conditions of persecutions they, essentially, trusted
only their own and preferred to carry on business mainly
with their own. In this is one of the chief reasons for
the ineradicability of Judaism, which is connected with
the caste's code. Its moral standards, rules of behavior
and rituals, language and external attributes have
served as infallible guidelines in the recognition of their own.
The Russian historian, Vladimir Soloviev wrote: ". . .
besides a passion for money, the Jews also have another
peculiarity: the strong unity of
all of them in the name of a common faith and a common
law. . . Both all
One
doesn't pretend it possible to agree with the historian.
Everything about which Vladimir Soloviev wrote is
inherent not to a nation. There is nowhere in the world
a nation, all the members of which equally would be
"penetrated with the sense and consciousness of their
own national, familial and personal I." A nation is not
an army which lives according to military regulations.
And the fact that a discipline, comparable with
military, was inherent to the Jews in many ways serves
as another proof of its caste roots. One may
compare it with the nobility in the era of the medieval
flowering of this class. To be a noble by blood or by
the grace of a king was considered the highest honor,
although it also applied extremely tough limitations on
behavior and dictated everything, right up to the point
of how to dress, how to travel (only on horse!) and how
to treat the common people, who deserved only arrogant
and scornful treatment. It is enough to read a number of
places in the Talmud in order to feel a truly nobleman's attitude of the Jews
to those who believe otherwise. Haughtiness and contempt
for the "Goyem" are in excess there. The founding
fathers of the modern state of The
dreams of the founding fathers have been realized in
full. The main
reasons for the formation of this people, in our view,
was the colossal external pressure on the Jews and the
caste discipline in their midst. This process was
concluded by the creation of the state of
The role
of anti-Semitism in the unity of the Jews more than once
has been underscored by the founders and ideologists of
Zionism. Theodor
Herzl, the founder of Zionism, wrote in his diary: "Anti-Semites will be
our most reliable friends, and anti-Semitic countries -
our allies" (Patai, 1960, volume 1, page 84). Dr.
Arthur Ruppin thought: "Although it is
impossible to maintain that anti-Semitism alone
contributed to the rise of Zionism, but at least in
Dr. Leo Wertheimer wrote in his book published in
1918, "Anti-Semitism and the Jews": "Anti-Semitism is the
savior angel of the Jews, it takes care that the Jews
remain Jews... Anti-Semites have aroused the Jewish
consciousness in many Jews who didn't want to have it"
(Quotation from the book: "Dr. Franz Sheidl. "Israel - Dream and
Reality" Vienna, 1962, page
18). Professor Jeshua Goldman declared at the 26th conference of the Worldwide Zionist Organization in All these pronouncements are used by anti-Semites for evidence of the artificiality, even the illegitimacy of the appearance of the Jewish nation and its state. But with the closest examination, it turns out that all states and the overwhelming majority of peoples of the world have gone through stages of violent, and this means, artificial unification! In the relatively distant past these are the English, French, Spanish and Italians who have lived through severe unifying wars. In more recent times- But let us return to the Jews. One of the most popular legends about Jews is connected with their supposed attempt to predominate in the world. All anti-Semitism, in essence, is supported by this. There is no special need to enumerate in detail the works on this subject: It is enough to recall " The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion," the reference book for anti-Semites of all countries. It already had been shown long ago that it is a forgery, created for the basis of persecutions of the Jews. Its authors have been revealed, the sources analyzed scrupulously that were used by the compilers of the "Protocols," and all the absurdities and stupidities made by them have been pointed out. However, nothing is injurious to the book's popularity. It responds to the unconscious feeling of jealousy and alarm that people experience, having heard the word "Jew."As regards the predominance of Jews in the world, that, in our opinion, the anti-Semites are somewhat right, while not knowing it, obviously, themselves. The descendants of the monotheist Jews really do rule the world. But only it isn't those who live in However paradoxical it is, in relation to other peoples the Jews fulfill that very same function that anti-Semitism is in relation to the Jews. The political scientist Alexander Verkhovsky spoke about this very precisely, in our view, in a recent lecture at the "An enemy is the most necessary part of any nationalistic concept, but a defined hierarchy of enemies is better. In this sense, it is simpler for orthodox nationalists since the main Enemy was known in advance - it is the Anti-Christ. And there is a rich tradition of describing the enemies subordinate to it - the Jews, Catholics, etc. »
It is
fine if the enemy is invisible and ubiquitous. Then the
human imagination will fill out its form with such
horrific details that no additional propaganda will be
needed. People will be flocking together, ready for
everything for the sake of its annihilation. And then not even is
an open appeal enough, but a hint at the fact that those
who believe otherwise are to blame for everything, so
that the throngs under common, most often - national,
banners rush to annihilate them, believing that as a
result a heavenly life will ensue. As the researchers of various countries note, in the later Middle Ages, the European question fell into the context of the concept of progress. This concept became a secular reflection of religious concepts of a coming It
was Utopia. Usually, when
they speak about Utopia, they have in mind socialistic
ideals. However, an absolute monarchy became the
first such Utopia. The works of prominent
philosophers and the statesmen of that time are well
known, in which exceptional value and the need for the
power of an absolute monarch was proven for society's
progress (Niccolo Machiavelli. 1469-1527. "The Prince). For
the Jews, the remains of the caste of the old empire, there was no
place, naturally, in this Utopia. And persecutions of them
intensified repeatedly. Then the Utopism of the nation arrived
to replace the Utopian monarchy. It was especially popular in
the 18-19th centuries (William Pitt the Elder
(1708-1778), when modern nations and countries were
being formed. Its main distinguishing feature became the
assertion that the state should be mononational. A rapid and quite
often violent abrasion of differences between peoples
inhabiting the
National Utopism began to exhaust itself toward
the middle of the 19th
century. It had become clear that the creation of
nations does not solve the most acute social problems.
And then social Utopia appeared in the
first plan - to build a society of justice, where all
are equal, outside of the dependence on nationality.
Karl Marx and Frederick Engels.)
It brought mankind the greatest losses and
sufferings, inasmuch as one can create such a society
only while destroying enormous masses of people who do
not correspond to the criteria of the new teachings. It
is enough to recall if nothing else the October
Revolution of 1917 in Jews played the most active role in attempts to realize the social Utopia everywhere. And this generously fed anti-Semitism. The American author, Douglas Reed, in the book "The Controversy of Zion" wrote that the "primitive tribes from the distant interiors of Many researchers see a reason for the revolutionary sentiments of the Jews in the fact that Jewish communities in Later it became clear that it is impossible here, on Earth, to create a kingdom of universal happiness. Something or someone will interfere. Some kind of enemies will upset the apple cart. And then a new anti-Semitism evolved, which accuses the Jews of the collapse of the worldwide Communist experiment. The Italian writer Umberto Eco, as too other authors, distinguishes religious, popular and "intellectual" anti-Semitism. He writes: «
Religious anti-Semitism, undoubtedly, bore the
responsibility for popular: after all, the fact
that the Jews were the people who killed God, justified
the pogroms. . . But underneath
"intellectual" anti-Semitism I have in mind a theory,
which is based on historical and anthropological
arguments, which is set in the superiority of the Aryan
race over the Jewish, and the political doctrine of the
Jewish conspiracy for the conquest of the Christian
world, which most fully is presented in the 'Protocols
of the Zionist Wise Men.' It is also a product
of the European secular 'intelligentsia.'"
"Intellectual" anti-Semitism, in his opinion, is
born at the end of the 18th - start of the 19th
centuries in
Racist theories also bloomed like a magnificent
flower in the
"It is necessary
to understand that racial characteristics have delimited
the Jewish people so greatly from all of mankind that
they have made of them completely special creatures who
cannot be part of our notion of human nature. We can examine them as
we examine and study animals, we can feel aversion and
dislike toward them, as we feel toward a hyena, toward a
jackal or spider. . . ". Alexander Arkadievich
Stolypin. "New Times," 1911, 5 October.) Another publicist, he himself a clergyman, Pavel Florenskiy thought that equality of peoples was thought up by the Jews in order to "take advantage of us." Altogether they wrote that all religions are a vestige, for the purpose of "taking from us our strength - our trust. . . they taught us 'autonomous' morals in order to take away existing morality and instead to give us vulgarity. . . The weighty grain is for them, and the chaff is for us, the 'cattle,' in their view." (Efim Kurganov. Pavel Florenskiy and the Jews. "Russkiy Evrey," 1999, Volume 2 (11), pages 22-24). It further turns out that now there is not one people in the world that is completely free of Jewish blood. Every people with every year increases the percentage of Jewish blood, that is it is rarefied in their own distinctive character. . "The percentage of Jewish blood in all peoples will be so significant, that this blood finally will drown out any other blood, eat it as acid eats paint. . . Even an insignificant drop of Jewish blood. . . will impart to all the structure of the soul the die and the stamp of the Jews."
So
wrote a Christian clergyman.
Thus, the waves of anti-Semitism are all the more drastic and merciless than the more acute social and political problems in one or the other society. In such periods the chronic paranoiac relationship to Jews, which has become part of the social consciousness, automatically suggests to people who are in a severe material and moral situation who is to blame for their misfortunes. The greatest persecutions of the Jews, the most misanthropic appeals and pronouncements we observe in the decades, are a turning point for one or the other country.In order to make certain of this, it is enough to recall when in particular anti-Semites raised and raise the banners of their own predecessors, it would seem, surely buried in the depth of the centuries. The most recent examples: in
Psychologists and political scientists connect
this with a common phenomenon which has received the
name Weimar Complex. It existed long before the start of
the 20th century, but is
known as Now a paranoiac relationship to the Jews is observed especially distinctly in post-Soviet
The
Jews are perceived as
"The strongest
weapon in the arms of the Zionists is their control over
all means of information." ("The Controversy of
The Catholics also are under control of the Jews. Theorists of anti-Semitism write today: "The past
years have clearly shown that the heretic
"both the Catholics
and the Jews are waiting for the same Messiah," that is
the Antichrist. Even the most ardent Russian anti-Semite - neo-heathens - submit to the Jews: "As regards the appearance of neoheathenistic, although anti-Zionist books, that is of no surprise, since those very same Zionists are imposing the neoheathenism."
"Beyond the explosions of the rockets in
The old anti-Semitism hated the Jews. The new considers Jewish everything that it hates. They no longer seek on the basis of blood. As one of the most typical Russian anti-Semites, General Albert Makashov, said: "Yid is not a nationality, and not every Jew is a Yid. A bad person of any nationality. . . he is called a Yid." . The orthodox Moslems also see in the Jews the cause of the most serious economic and political gaps of their countries. They rely on the anti-Jewish sura in the Koran. According to the sacred book of the Moslems, for example, those of the Jews "who have not come to believe are in Gehenna's fire, residing there eternally. They are the worst of creatures." As a political ideology, Islamic fundamentalism declares war on modern Western democratic values as Jewish. This sounds like: the core of democratic society consists of the fact that the "Jews . . could indulge in debauchery, lie and cheat without problems."
Another author writes: "Anyone who tears the
umma (Moslem society) from its religion and the Koran
can be only a Jewish agent - willingly or unwillingly,
independent of origin. The situation is repeated with modern Christian anti-Semitism: everything that is hated is proclaimed as Jewish. The sentiments of Moslem radicals in Chechnia, one of The
incursion of the Islamists into (According to the materials of the
Nowadays in Today their help is no longer necessary for the Islamic radicals. The Moslems believe blood libel unconditionally, especially since people who are considered respectable learned men speak and write about it. Thus, a professor of the Korolevskiy University Al Dammam ( ("Al-Riad" newspaper, 10-12 March
2004) The procession
of anti-Semitism continues. No one knows, per se,
how to curb it. Many set hopes on an increase of
society's education: the more people there
will be with upper and secondary education, that is with
more developed intellect and culture, the less room will
remain for nationalistic prejudices.
Life, however, convinces about the other. In all
countries, the representatives of the intelligentsia are
the most uncompromising anti-Semites.
They are those who write the books, publish the
newspapers, teach the children in the schools and
lecture on the "Zionist wise men." They themselves
create the nationalistic organizations and establish the
international connections with like-thinkers. Solid
financial circles in dozens of countries are their
support. So, an overall upgrade in the level of
culture and education, alas, will not help. In our view, the problem is not in the education as it is and not in the culture, but in their content. Anti-Semitism, as we have been assured, is based on myths connected with the postulates of traditional history. And one needs to begin with these postulates. The light at the end of the anti-Semitic tunnel will begin to appear when school children study not the myths and legends about the past of their peoples, but authentic history. It is full of cruelty and sufferings, and one cannot always be proud of it. But it allows one to see who is who in this world. The better means of persuasion is historical truth. It is too bad that not all require it.
New Tradition , 2003. Toronto Reproduced with permission from New Tradition
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