TRAUMA & MEMORY:
Clinical Implications for Treatment

         
By Dr. Colin Ross

         
April 1996

          
The 9th Annual Western Clinical Conference on Trauma & Dissociation

          
April 17-20, 1996

         
Costa Mesa, CA - Orange County

I'm very, very happy that you are all here. This is the first time that I have talked on this stuff in public, and the problem was that Kevin made a little mistake on the schedule. He didn't get the title quite right. This is actually a performance art piece. It's entitled: "Psychiatrist Trying to Stay Calm and Casual." But, before we go any further, by the way, there are a couple of messages here for people who are supposed to call home:

William C. Hollinger (if he's here) -- he's supposed to call his lab in Pittsburgh. L. Wilson Green, you're supposed to call your lab at Edgewater Arsenal. And Ewen Cameron, there's a message to call Leonard in Montreal.

So, why is it I am talking about this and what is it I am trying to say here? Well, one explanation is no one has the faintest idea what I am talking about and I am here talking about it because I am a little wacky. Hopefully by the end of the day, that won't be the conclusion. However, that is a conclusion that unhappily is in print in various esteemed locations such as the British Journal of Psychiatry, Esquire Magazine and Richard's Ofshe's book and a CBC film. It's been a very curious experience to go through this little journey that Kevin just alluded to, which is the same journey that we have all gone through if we have heard this from patients.

It starts off back in the remote past, 1981-85, when I am a psychiatric resident. I mentioned yesterday that in four years of medical school and four years of residency, I have had more multiple choice questions on Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome, which just to remind you, as you all know, is an inherited deficiency of enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosltransferase. I had more questions on that syndrome in my four years of medical school and four years of psychiatric residency than on childhood sexual abuse, and more teaching.

So, then somewhere in the course of the residency I get up to speed on dissociative disorders and connect them to childhood abuse and read up on the literature and get a little bit grounded, and the avalanche of MPD cases starts for me in late 1985 into 1986, and I think I have kind of (a little bit) got what's going on, and some person comes in and starts telling me about their father was killed by the Mafia and they were taken to a child prostitution brothel and then they were involved in satanic ritual stuff. So, I go "Gee," no books, no literature, nobody ever heard of it, nobody talks about it, totally in outer space, no idea what to do, which way to turn.

I go to the Eastern Regional Conference, go to Chicago, find out a little bit, start getting a little bit grounded, and the first couple of cases, my personal reaction is, "Gawh!" -- this sure sounds real, could be real, it's pretty scary. Wonder if I should let my kids out on Halloween or not. And then the sort of basic experience is whatever percent of SRA is actually real, it is clear that we got into some sort of hysteria wave in society in general and in the profession, and a lot of people went a bridge or two too far on their journey and we had to reign ourselves back in.

So, the time course now is, in my training, there is no sexual abuse at all. It doesn't exist. It's not relevant because it doesn't exist. Then it goes to, well, it exists, but it's not really all that relevant, and then there's these sorts of outlaw gadfly sort of people who are into dissociative disorders who aren't accepted by the mainstream. Then the dissociative disorders people from a foundation of reality that was hidden go off into outer space on this -- it wasn't alien abductions, but it was still outer space -- on this ritual abuse stuff. Then they sort of come back to earth and get a little bit grounded -- and the next thing you know it's all this government experiments, mind control stuff. So, if you follow the pattern, what should be the case is just another hysteria wave. And the more you look at it, the more it will just dissolve and we will all settle down and forget about it.

Well, the pattern didn't work. Because when I systematically started looking into CIA military mind control, the more I looked, the more solid reality there was there. And as you will see as we go through these slides and through this talk, it's a completely different deal from SRA. Somewhere out there in the justice system, there may actually be objective evidence where somebody has actually busted a SRA cult. If there is, that information is not generally publicly available to us. It is a fact that we have not nailed down human ritual sacrifice cults in North America if they exist. So, it's all conjecture.

Today I will prove to you, completely locked down, documented, proven, beyond dispute or discussion that intelligence agencies have been creating Manchurian candidates and MPD for operational use since the Second World War. This is not a conspiracy theory. This is a fact. Now, that's very amazing because if you took an opinion poll of all the psychiatrists in the American Psychiatric Association today, or you took the same poll five years ago, 99.999%, over 99% of the psychiatrists would say, "It's fiction, we know the movie is fiction, Frank Sinatra did a good job, but there's just no way, it's absolutely impossible." There might be two outlaw psychiatrists in the whole group who would say that it's possible that Manchurian candidates are real.

This is a very, very strange phenomena that actually in 1996 this is a completely documented fact -- it's a very strange sociological little development in the field of psychiatry. How could that be possible?

Well, I'm going to try and explain how it's possible. So that's what I am going to talk about. Also, I am going to talk about not just creating Manchurian candidates, but the whole network of mind control doctors that is involved in this and supports this -- this kind of old-boys network that maintains all of this. And you will see a whole bunch of slides with godzillian interconnections that I will go into in detail. And every one of those steps -- unless I otherwise specify -- is completely documented. Absolutely objective in full.

So there is something real peculiar about the whole story. It's a very strange story. It tells us that there is something going on in our culture and in the mental health field that is hidden and secret. This is another kind of incest secret in the field of psychiatry that all of these people who have been running psychiatry in the latter half of the 20th century are either directly or loosely connected to a whole huge universe of covert hidden secretly funded mind control research, and as I emphasized, that's a fact.

Now, why should we be talking about that at this conference? Well, it's obvious. If in fact experimental MPD has been created, and has been tight and hard and real enough for operational use by intelligence agencies for the last 50 years, then it is something of interest to the dissociative disorders field. This is profound evidence in favour of the iatrogenic pathway to DID that I talked about this morning.

When I combine the expert witness experience that I have had at clinically created iatrogenic DID using the techniques of destructive psychotherapy cults in the course of persuasion, as I described this morning, when I take that expert witness evidence, and see those cases created out of a base of no pre-existing DID, and then I go to this CIA military mind control literature, my only possible conclusion is yes, you can create full tilt DID artificially from ground zero. Also, I have to conclude that you can create any degree of complexity, permutations of false memory that you want. There is absolutely no limit on the quantity, complexity, reality, congruence, plausibility of false memories that you can insert in somebody's mind -- wittingly or unwittingly. So, they didn't tell me that in medical school.

This is a little sub-paradigm revolution in the DID field.

There is a huge wealth of information, experimental information, clinical anecdotal information and operational streetsmarts knowledge of DID that's been up and running and full tilt in the mental health field for 50 years now. This did not spring out of nowhere in 1980, and we are missing a ton of experimental research data that's still classified that bears directly on this false memory debate that is going on in our society now. And you will see some of the players in this whole scenario of interesting people. (If we could put the slide projector on ...)

The first point is that there are a lot of documented, declassified mind control research programs that are completely, objectively proven beyond a shadow of a doubt. I have a lot of this material and some I have on order. This is CIA now. Bluebird and Artichoke were two programs that ran from 1951-53, and I will read you some stuff from Artichoke in a minute. These were then rolled over into MKULTRA which ran from 1953 to 1963, and then there are 149 sub-projects that you will see a listing of in a second. That was then administratively rolled over into MKSEARCH which ran until 1973. Contiguously with that and in collaboration with Edgewater Arsenal, MKNAOMI which involved MKULTRA, ARTICHOKE and BLUEBIRD type research done abroad, and nationally ran from 1953 to 1970. This involves all kinds of hallucinogens, hypnosis and so on that I will go into in detail.

STARGATE just recently declassified ESP, paranormal, remote viewing military uses of telekinesis type research that was done from an uncertain start date up until 1984. Bill Gates, former Director of the CIA, on ABC's Dateline in December of 1995 said that it ran up until 1984. They had one of the academic contractors to STARGATE on the show and they had the man whose job was CIA oversight of military experimentation under STARGATE. So this really went on. They really used psychics operationally, and they believed in it enough to keep spending millions of dollars on it for several decades, probably. Now, when you read all the Senate materials from the 1970's and you read all the existing literature, the claim of the intelligence community was that all this mind control research was stopped in 1973 due to Senate oversight and so on. One of the MKULTRA sub-projects is on the paranormal, ESP and using ESP for covert operations purposes. That element of MKULTRA didn't stop in 1973. We now know from the CIA itself that it ran on until 1984. So, we know for a fact that at least that element of this mind control research program that was said to have stopped in 1973, continued to 1984. My position is that it is simply implausible that this stuff isn't ongoing up to the present.

You can see from this list (Projects Chatter, Often, Derbyhat, Third Chance, Chickwit, MKDelta and QK Hilltop) that there was a large number of different programs in the 1950's, 60's and 70's -- all of which have a just a little tidbit of information about them. Most of the actual documents and so on, nobody has either reviewed or obtained through the Freedom of Information Act yet. So, this is a huge amount of, as yet still classified information.

Now, we are going to give you a smattering run-through of the institutions that were sites for MKULTRA research. In MKULTRA there were 149 different sub-projects, and these were not in obscure little corners of the world. This is the American Psychological Association, this is the Butler Hospital Health Centre which is part of Harvard, Children's International Summer Village -- this is a charming place -- this is project involving a study of children at an international summer camp aged 11 and the study of how children who don't share a common language communicate. And in the CIA report it states that the investigator was unwitting of the fact that it was CIA funding, and the purpose of the CIA in these 11 year olds was that they might possibly identify promising young foreign nationals for future use by the Agency. Columbia University, Cornell, Denver, Emory, Florida, George Washington, Harvard, this will give you a feel for who is involved in this stuff. Houston, Illinois, Indiana Universities, Johns Hopkins, Eli Lilly was the big supplier of LSD to the CIA. Those of you who can remember the sixties might remember the "House of the Rising Sun" by the British rock group, The Animals. They had a song called "The Girl Named Sandoz." Sandoz was the employer of Hoffman who discovered LSD in the forties, and Sandoz was the original supplier of LSD to the CIA and the military in the 1950's, and they wanted a secure American supplier so they contracted with Eli Lilly to become the developer. University of Minnesota, New Jersey Reformatory, Bordentown in Tennessee, Ohio, University of Pennsylvania, Penn State, Princeton, Stanford, a couple of universities in Texas, Wisconsin, the Bureau of Narcotics, a prison, a narcotics farm. So these contracts -- McGill, NIH, NIMH, National Philosophical Society -- everything and everybody gets in on the act a little, NRC. So these were all of the major players in North American psychiatry and psychology who were receiving this kind of funding.

Office of Naval Research, which you are going to see multiple times on the slides. Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology, all kinds of different agencies and groups. MKSEARCH was the one that MKULTRA was rolled into. It ran from 1963 to 1973. Again Bureau of Narcotics, New Jersey Neuropsychiatric, which is also an MKULTRA site, which I will talk about in more detail. Vacaville State Prison, which you are going to hear a whole bunch about. Now, BLUEBIRD and ARTICHOKE, which were 1951-53 -- institutions there include the Bureau of Narcotics, Cornell, Eli Lilly again, NIH, Public Health Service, University of Minnesota -- you get the idea.

Now, what about the proven identity of some of the actual contractors? The terminology here is -- we've got the contractor, and we've got the sub-project number and I have most of the sub-contract files. Security status -- TS means top secret cleared, UW means unwitting because this money was usually put through a funding front, and you will see a slide showing how that was all organized so a person could get money through a CIA funding front, and genuinely not know it was CIA money. They would just think it was another Foundation. Most of the people you haven't heard of like James Hamilton, Harold Abramson, Carl Pfeiffer, but you will hear more about them later today. Some of these people might sound a little familiar -- Louis Jolyon West at UCLA, Ewen Cameron, who was at McGill, he's been written about a lot, and yes, this is Carl Rogers of Rogerian psychotherapy fame. He was actually a spook psychiatrist with top secret clearance who was on the Advisory Board of one of the funding fronts and received funding for psychotherapeutic research on schizophrenia. It's a very funny thing that Mr. "Friendly" Carl was in the network. Martin Orne, you will hear a lot about him. These people were at University of Oklahoma. They were doing research on street gangs. Four of the MKULTRA sub-projects were on children, and all of the investigators for those were UW (unwitting). Martin Orne's top secret clearance status. Maitland Baldwin, who did stuff on monkey brains. George White was a CIA career officer who constructed safe houses in San Francisco and New York where people were recruited in off the streets to have sex with prostitutes and were given LSD and other drugs without their knowing it. The rationale for this was that they were attempting to study reactions of unwitting subjects in civilian settings to mind control drugs. An alternative hypothesis to this was that they were actually testing Manchurian candidate prostitute performance.

Harold Wolff was at Cornell. Raymond Prince I have corresponded with. He was UW, unwitting. He did research among the Aruba in Nigeria on their folk healing practices. R. Gordon Watson -- I was a little bit unhappy to see him on the list, but relieved to see he was unwitting because I read a book of his called "SOMA: Divine Mushrooms of Immortality" -- a very interesting book on fliagarate[sp?] which is the little red toadstool with the white flakes on it. The use of that by circumpolar shamans has a very interesting history. John Mulholland is actually a magician. When you go through these documents, all these names are whited out. You have to piece it together from here and there. It's a great big story trying to track it all down. Except they goofed it up. John Mulholland was not whited out once.

When you get a file on one of these sub-projects, there is usually a page in there that has standardized wording about no individuals associated with this project are witting, or so and so whose name is whited out has top secret clearance and is aware of agency involvement. There's somebody you have probably heard of -- his name is B.F. Skinner. I am still doing some of the archival research to find out what his sub-project number is, and what his security status is, but I would suspect it will turn out to be top secret.

Just before we get to that slide, I am going to read you some material, some of which is in your handout. As you can see, these slides are going to show you an awful lot of connections between an awful lot of different things here. You get the gist -- there were a lot of different sub-projects, a lot of different investigators all over mainstream academia. Now, I am going to jump to proving to you that MPD has been created by the CIA and the military since WWII. The first stop off point is at the back of your series of handouts there. It's a publication called "Science Digest, April 1971." The author is G.H. Estabrooks. The article is called "Hypnosis Comes of Age." When you go to page 48 -- I am going to read this out loud for the benefit of people listening to this on tape. He's now writing in 1971 and says the following:

"One of the most fascinating but dangerous applications of hypnosis is its use in military intelligence. This is a field with which I am familiar through formulating guidelines for the techniques used by the United States in two world wars. (Ross: For those of you who are not history buffs, that means at least back to 1914.) Communication in war is always a headache. Codes can be broken. A professional spy may or may not stay bought. Your own man may have unquestionable loyalty but his judgement is always open to question. The "hypnotic courier," on the other hand, provides a unique solution. I was involved in preparing many subjects for this work during World War II. One successful case involved an Army Service Corps Captain whom we'll call George Smith.

"Captain Smith had undergone months of training. He was an excellent subject, but did not realize it. I had removed from him, by post-hypnotic suggestion, all recollection of ever having been hypnotized. First, I had the Service Corps call the captain to Washington and tell him they needed a report on the mechanical equipment of Division X headquartered in Tokyo. Smith was ordered to leave by jet next morning, pick up the report and return at once. These orders were given him in the waking state. Consciously, that was all he knew, and it was the story he gave his wife and friends. Then I put him under deep hypnosis and gave him -- orally -- a vital message to be delivered directly on his arrival in Japan to a certain colonel -- let's say his name was Brown of military intelligence. Outside of myself, Colonel Brown was the only person who could hypnotize Captain Smith. This is "locking." (Ross: I have had patients talk to me about "locking.") I performed it by saying to the hypnotized Captain: 'Until further orders from me, only Colonel Brown and I can hypnotize you. We will use a signal phrase 'The moon is clear'. Whenever you hear this phrase from Brown or myself you will pass instantly into deep hypnosis.' When Captain Smith re-awakened, he had no conscious memory of what happened in trance. All that he was aware of was that he must head for Tokyo to pick up a division report. On arrival there, Smith reported to Brown, who hypnotized him with the signal phrase. Under hypnosis, Smith delivered my message and received one to bring back. Awakened, he was given the division report and returned home by jet. There I hypnotized him once more with the signal phrase, and he spieled off Brown's answer that had been dutifully tucked away in his unconscious mind.

"The system is virtually foolproof. As exemplified by this case, the information literally was "locked" in Smith's unconscious for retrieval by the only two people who knew the combination. The subject had no conscious memory of what happened, so couldn't spill the beans. No one else could hypnotize him even if they might know the signal phrase. Not all applications of hypnotism to military intelligence are as tidy as that. Perhaps you have read 'The Three Faces of Eve.' (Ross: Now here he makes a scholarly mistake because he's talking about Morton Prince's "The Dissociation of a Personality" but he refers to the book "The Three Faces of Eve.") The book was based on a case reported in 1905 by Dr. Morton Prince of Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard. He startled everyone in the field by announcing that he had cured a woman named Beauchamp of a split personality problem. Using post-hypnotic suggestion to submerge an incompatible, childlike facet of the patient, he'd been able to make two other sides of Mrs. Beauchamp compatible and lump them together in a single cohesive personality. Clinical hypnotists throughout the world jumped on the multiple personality bandwagon as a fascinating frontier. By the 1920's, not only had they learned to apply post-hypnotic suggestion to deal with this weird problem, but also had learned how to split certain complex individuals (Ross: A very interesting phrase) into multiple personalities like Jeckyl-Hydes.

"The potential for military intelligence has been nightmarish. During World War II, I worked this technique with a vulnerable Marine lieutenant I'll call Jones. Under the watchful eye of Marine Intelligence, I split his personality into Jones A and Jones B. Jones A, once a "normal" working Marine, became entirely different. He talked communist doctrine and meant it. He was welcomed enthusiastically by communist cells, was deliberately given a dishonorable discharge by the Corps, which was in on the plot, (Ross: That's called "sheep-dipping," that's the technical term for that.) and became a card-carrying party member. The joker was Jones B, the second personality, formerly apparent in the conscious Marine. Under hypnosis, this Jones had been carefully coached by suggestion. Jones B was the deeper personality, knew all the thoughts of Jones A, was a loyal American and was "imprinted" to say nothing during conscious phases. All I had to do was hypnotize the whole man, get in touch with Jones B, the loyal American, and I had a pipeline straight into the Communist camp. It worked beautifully for months with this subject, but the technique backfired. While there was no way for an enemy to expose Jones' dual personality, they suspected it and played the same trick on us later."

Now the only question becomes "Is Estabrooks some sort of kook?" Maybe he didn't really do this, maybe he's grandiose, or delusional, or just bullshitting, or whatever. So, let's take a look at who G.H. Estabrooks is. How are we going to do that? We are going to talk to a JFK assassination researcher who tells us that Estabrooks' personal papers are all at Colgate College in Hamilton in Upper State New York -- that there's a whole bunch of boxfulls of all his personal papers, his correspondence, his files, and so on. So, what we will do is send our secretary up there for five days to go through those 17 boxes, which are unindexed, unresearched, and unpublished in any form, and then we will request a bunch of that material to be photocopied and we will bring it back to our office in Richardson, Texas. We will look at it and then we will talk about it in Orange County, California later on. What we find is G.H. Estabrooks was born in Newfoundland in Canada -- so he is already suspect because he is Canadian. He is not really too dumb -- he's a Rhodes Scholar. He ends up studying, I am pretty sure, under Gardner Murphy at Harvard, takes a Ph.D and spends really his entire adult professional career at this obscure Colgate College in upper state New York. So, is he just an isolated kook or is he connected in any way?

Well, as I am going through all this military mind control research in the library, I am aware that Martin Orne, who we will get to in a while, is one of the people I want to focus in on. And I notice in one of Martin Orne's papers that he has referenced G.H. Estabrooks' 1942 textbook, which I have read, where he describes creating Manchurian candidates for the military. So, I know that Martin Orne is aware of G.H. Estabrooks' claim to have created MPD. Can I establish any better connection than that? Well, lo and behold, I find that G.H. Estabrooks edited a book to which Martin Orne contributed a chapter. So now, Martin Orne is totally connected into the whole picture as you will see later, but if you go to a couple of pages ahead of that material which I just read, you will see a letter from G.H. Estabrooks dated August 22, 1961:

"Dear Martin, I am sending to thee a special delivery, one halo -- pure gold, one pair of wings, which you can try on for size, and a credit card for use in the hereafter. Your article is, of course, excellent. Upon receipt of your letter, I immediately called Mittendorff, and he informed me before I could even broach the subject that they would of course grant your request for reprints. Some day I am going to have myself examined and find out why I do not consider these matters before I embarrass my friends. By the way, I will be at the APA meetings on Friday and Saturday, September 1st and 2nd. Then I will have to whip back here and head south. If at all possible, I will be up at the Biltmore. If you and Ron (Ross: Which is Ron Shore?) are anywhere in the vicinity, let us sit down, and yack at each other. I am not overlooking the fact that our meeting at Cambridge with yourself and Ron sort of crystallized an idea in my mind. I had a wonderful month's vacation in Canada -- Toronto, Ottawa, Quebec City, Murray Basin[sp?], St. John, N.B. and home -- and we particularly liked the French country. My wife's native language is French, although she speaks Italian, English and German as well. I find that with her along, the red carpet is literally rolled out, and we see corners of the back country where they would set the dogs on me if I happened to turn up alone. Thank you tremendously. Hope to see you at the APA. My best regards to Ron."

So it seems these guys knew each other. Now if you turn over to the next page, Colgate University Symposium on Hypnosis, April 1 and 2, 1960 in Hamilton, New York, opening address by G.H. Estabrooks, Chairman. The papers are E.R. Hilgard, author of the NeoDissociation Book, which is a foundation of the entire field here, member of the DSM IV Dissociative Disorders Committee, Ron Shore, frequent co-author with Martin Orne, Gorton (I don't know), C.M.R. Fisher, I have seen his name going through different stuff, Wolberg, I have seen his name around, the behavioral guy I think, Martin Orne, G.H. Estabrooks, Oh who's that guy? Oh, Milton Erickson? Yeah, I've heard of him. So, this G.H. Estabrooks is not just some isolated kook. He is a pretty connected in, well-known guy, and all the luminaries in hypnosis in this part of the 20th century know him personally, are corresponding with him on a friendly basis and are coming to workshops he put on and publishing books he has edited.

So much for the isolated kook theory.

Well, maybe he was just kind of bragging a bit, and he wasn't really connected to the military. Well, bad news. A couple of pages back, you see on stationery of the War Department, Office of the Secretary, Washington, D.C., dated February 20, 1942, the name of George H. Estabrooks, Nature of Action, Accepted Appointment. Expert Consultant to the Secretary of War without other compensation with the payment of actual transportation expenses, and not to exceed $10 per diem in lieu of subsistence and other expenses. So, he definitely had a military intelligence appointment in the Second World War. Turn over the next page. Now, we've got:

"Navy Department, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C.; From the Director of Naval Research Laboratory to Professor G.H. Estabrooks via Inspector of Naval Materials, Syracuse, New York; Subject: Information on Military Uses of Hypnosis; Request for: enclosed three copies of receipt for classified matter and return addressed envelope.

"The Naval Research Laboratory has received a request for information regarding the possible military uses of hypnosis. This request comes from a Naval Officer who is primarily interested in hypnosis as a possible facilitator of training, but also wishes to know about any other uses which may have been tested. Members of the Psychology Branch of this Laboratory have discussed the matter informally with several psychologists versed in hypnosis, including Dr. Robert White of Harvard University. (Ross: Which is where Martin Orne did his residency.)

"Dr. White thought that you had done some experimental work on a person during the war and requested that the Naval Research Laboratory communicate with you. If you have done any work along this line, would you please let us know the purpose and results of your investigations. We have been unable to find any mention of such a project in the Washington files of the Armed Services, and so we must trouble you directly for information. Thank you for your consideration at this enquiry."

So, we know that we've got very secret documents which are not readily available to the usual classified military personnel looking through their own filing system. So we know he's not an isolated kook. We know he had a military appointment. We know he's connected in with all the major hypnotists and we know that he's claiming from 1943 through 1971 to have created Manchurian candidates successfully for operational use during WWII. Is there any other correspondence that might bear on the reality of his claims? Well, there's a whole bunch of correspondence back and forth spanning the 1930's to the 1960's -- that is, spanning four decades -- between him and some guy called J. Edgar Hoover. So you'll see on Federal Bureau of Investigation stationery, July 12, 1939:

"Dear Dr. Estabrooks: Permit me to acknowledge receipt of your letters of June 19th and 27th and July 6th, 1939. I read with great interest the hypothesis which you put forward concerning the sinking of submarines. I realize of course (Ross: And this was the Military use of hypnosis scheme for sinking submarines.) that you are only suggesting things that could conceivably happen upon the basis of your experiments and the experiments of others and you are not suggesting that such a situation actually did occur in any of the recent submarine disasters."

1962: "Dear Dr. Estabrooks: Your letter of February 27th with enclosures has been received, and it was good of you to advise me of the symposium you have scheduled. I appreciate your inviting us to participate. However, the pressure of official business will not permit me to designate a representative to attend."

Now, in between those two letters, there is massive correspondence back and forth between J. Edgar Hoover and Estabrooks. There are visits of FBI personnel to Estabrooks. There are many military and FBI psychological warfare personnel attending various workshops and symposia of Estabrooks, and there is overt discussion of offensive uses of hypnosis in clandestine operations. So, from this, I conclude that probably G.H. Estabrooks actually did create MPD in World War II and that an awful lot of people knew about it.

Well, maybe it was just G.H. Estabrooks, and that was the end of the story. We have to have some other body of evidence that indicates that this continued beyond World War II. And this is material that is not in your packet, that's from Operation Artichoke and Bluebird, CIA Mind Control research from 1951-53. I am going to read you some Artichoke and Bluebird documents that were obtained through the Freedom of Information Act. A lot of stuff is whited out, so I will just say blank whenever it is necessary to do so. To the files:

"On 6th April, 1954, Tuesday, SI&H (Ross: I haven't figured out what SI is, H is hypnosis.) Experimentation and Research was carried on in Building 13 with the following subjects present: Mrs. __ , in addition to Misses ______. ______ attended in a consultant capacity. (Ross: One of these Misses was age 19 according to the document) The session opened with slow induction for all hands, and then a subsequent induction for Miss ____ to enable her to reconstruct a strange dream she had the previous week. This was successful, although in the wake state she could remember no details. The major experiment of this evening was then conducted as follows. Miss ____ was taken to Room 23 under full hypnosis and she was instructed by the writer that she would find a secret document in or on Mr. X at desk in his room. She was told that she was to conceal this document next to her person and then she was to return to Room 21, Operations Room, pour herself a drink of water which she would find on a bookcase, and then stretch out on the sofa, face down and go into a deep sleep. She was instructed she would not awaken under any circumstances. She was told she would only awaken if somebody whispered to her a specific code word and would recall nothing except sleeping on the couch. Miss ____ performed the entire test in exact as detail outlined above and had no subsequent memory whatsoever of any of this activity. During the experiment Miss ____ was taken to the same room and she was told that a person whom she had never seen had taken a secret document from the Agency. She was told that this person, or suspected person, had been given a drug and was unconscious on the sofa in Room 21. She was told she was to enter the room and find the document which would probably be on the person on the sofa. She was given specific instructions that she must locate the document. She was told that if she found the document, she was to conceal it on her person and return to Room 23, sit in the chair and go at once into a deep sleep. She was further told that she would have no memory other than falling asleep. Miss ____ complied in specific detail and immediately discovered the document in ____'s sweater sleeve. Miss ____ concealed the document on her person, returned to Room 23 and at once went into a deep sleep. Subsequently she was brought back into the Operations Room and she and _____ were awakened. The experiment was carried off successfully, particularly by _______ with entire amnesia of the work, and cannot even recall it under hypnosis. ____ however was able to remember a certain part, though some of her details seemed vague."

Here's another separate Artichoke document:

"3. Agents might be given cover stories under hypnosis, and not only learn them faultlessly, but believe them. Every detail could be made to sink in. The conviction and apparent sincerity with which an individual will defend a false identity given as post-hypnotic suggestion is almost unbelievable. One's memory for detail under such conditions appears to be boundless. Analogous Case #3. A CIA Security Office employee was hypnotized and given a false identity. She defended it hotly, denying her true name and rationalizing with conviction the possession of identity cards made out to her real self. Later, having had the false identity erased by suggestion, she was asked if she had ever heard of the name she had been defending as her own five minutes before. She thought and shook her head and said, 'That's a pseudo if I ever heard one.' Apparently she had a true amnesia for the entire episode.

"4. Hypnosis would make the recruitment and handling of high level political action agents, in particular under ideal control. Convictions could be reinforced, political courses suggested, appointments influenced, and with a really good subject only the imagination and skill of the handling operator and the inherent limitations of hypnosis as a technique would limit the possibilities. Double agents could be both discovered and used with a much higher degree of assurance if hypnotic control sufficient to permit regression were operative. They could be given suggestions which would have the force of true compulsions to tell if approach was made, targets, briefing, true identity, etc. There is also the possibility that such persons could be used under control much stronger than any we now possess."

So, that's experimental use. It's clearly creation of Manchurian candidates, there is no question whatsoever. This is now in operational use in the United States.

This is not Manchurian candidates, but it's the use of sodium amytal and hypnosis for the creation of amnesia barriers and deliberate insertion of false memories.

"To Director of Security Via Deputy Director of Security Via Chief Security Research Staff from _____. Subject: Report of Artichoke Operations 20-23 January 1955. Between Thursday 20 January and Sunday 23 January 1955, the Security Office Artichoke Team conducted a special operations _____. In the opinion of Team Members, in this case Officers of the _____, the Artichoke operation was successful. Details follow.

"It should be noted at this point that because these operations were the first Artichoke Operations undertaken in the USA, which is a violation of the CIA's Charter, the full names of those participating are omitted from this report and will not be revealed without consent of the Security Office. First names, titles, or pseudonyms will be used throughout this report. In view of the highly sensitive nature of the Artichoke techniques and in view of the fact that this was the first Artichoke operation carried out in the USA, the operation was conducted _______. This Safe House is far removed from surrounding neighbors, it is a large tract of land, and is thoroughly isolated. A limited, and security-cleared household staff maintain functions of the House and ____ by unwitting ______. Actual Artichoke operations as usual were carried out in a special area on the second floor of the House, and neither the household staff nor the _____ were permitted in the area during any of the processing. SSD Division furnished one security officer during the entire period of the operation to act as special guard and to handle any unusual situations which arose during the operation. This guard is hereinafter referred to as ____ in this report. For a matter of record, it should be noted that the subject was not a confinement problem, and has been at all times fully cooperative. Guard detail was not present in connection with the subject, except in a general sense. Technical matters in the case were handled entirely by the TBPSD under the personal supervision of _____. Full tape recordings were made of the entire case, and tapes are to be turned over to the participating Division in the immediate future. It should be noted that during this particular operation, a special device was used in conjunction with the recording. This device, which is easily concealable, worked with remarkable efficiency and at no time during the entire recording was there any break due to technical failure. It should also be noted that a complex two-way transmitting/receiving unit was again used in this Artichoke operation. Cover for the actual operation followed standard procedure. The subject was informed in general terms that before being sent for further work it was necessary that certain tests be made on him physically and psychologically as well as his. Hence a complete physical and psychological/psychiatric examination was acquired. Subject readily accepted this medical cover and the Artichoke technique was introduced easily and with the full consent of the subject.

"The Case: Prior to the commencement of the actual Artichoke operation, a number of conferences had been held with the various participating personnel involved. All hands had been briefed and procedures had been worked out. A general time schedule was prepared and operating instructions for Artichoke were issued. On the afternoon of the 20th of January the subject and _______ They were met by ________ of the interested Division. Under a covert car subject was taken to the _____, arriving there at approximately 9.30pm. Prior to this, that is during the day of 20th of January, the technical equipment had been checked out and installed, and _____ had arrived at the covert area at approximately 8pm for operational purposes. By previous arrangement the _____ was picked up by _____ at approximately 9.30pm. _____ was brought to the Safe House at 10.50pm. Shortly after the arrival of ____, a preliminary conference began at approximately 11.10pm with the subject.

"Interrogation lasted until 12.25am when all except the subject ____ left the Operations Room. Tape recording was cut off at this time. As a result of this interview _____ stated that subject's mental and physical condition was good and noted that the pulse (Ross: which is actually the blood pressure) at 12.25am was 120/80. (Ross: So these guys are not total wizards.) The doctor also commented he had noticed an increased amount of talk after a drink of whiskey and although there was some nervousness present, it was not excessive. _____ stated he had given subject two grams of anibarbitol to the subject to assist him to sleep and it was later confirmed the subject had taken this prior to going to sleep. (Ross: A half a paragraph is whited out.) Because of the successful penetration and because of the extremely high quality of information which the subject was obtaining, the case is regarded as most sensitive and important by the participating Division. Since the subject's information had been checked and cross-checked many times by the Operating Division's Case Officers, and the Division was of the uniform opinion that the subject was fully legitimate and fully cooperating with our efforts; they however desired Artichoke to give added assurance to the subject's story and to help them determine absolute suitability for further use of the subject in his work. For the record, it should be noted that no polygraph techniques had been applied in this case, since a physical examination by _____ apparently a cleared physician had indicated too much nervousness for successful polygraph testing. Following established patterns using medical cover as explained above, the ____ began a physical and psychological examination at 10am on the morning of Friday 21 January. This examination continued until 1pm when an hour was taken for lunch. At 2pm _____ again continued the general examination of the subject with _____ being used, as before lunch, as interpreter. This examination lasted until 3pm when the ____ concluded the first medical session and a portable polygraph was taken in by ____ for the purpose of polygraph testing. (Ross: There's a bunch of blanked out stuff.) On Saturday 22 January 1955 subject had breakfast with ____. At 9.35am ____ arrived at the Safe House and at 9.45am ____ arrived. At 10.35am the subject again, with ____ acting as interpreter, was examined briefly by Dr. ______. At 10.50am _____ left the operations area and began polygraph testing. This examination lasted until 12.37pm when it was concluded. (Ross: Then it goes on ... I'll skip a little bit.)

"Subject was taken into the Special Operations Room with only the ____ present, and at 2.36pm the first intravenous infusion began. Slow injections were continued until 2.46pm when the ____ signalled that the subject was fully affected by the chemicals and at this time special recording and transmitting equipment was brought into the Operations Room. Also at this time ____ left the room and ____ entered. From this point until approximately 4.15pm when the interrogations ended, Artichoke techniques were applied. These techniques, which followed a previously agreed-upon plan, were in three stages:

(Ross: This is now deliberate implantation of false memories.)

"A. A fantasy which ______. Results during this phase were good, and subject had no control. Time approximately 15-20 minutes. B. A fantasy in which _____. Results were again very good. Time approximately 40-45 minutes. C. Following development of the fantasies as noted above, the subject was more or less directly interrogated by _____, and ____ introduced as _____. Results only fair, although subject had little control. Time approximately 15 minutes.

"Immediately following the conclusion of the Artichoke treatments, a general conference was held with all hands present. It was agreed at this time that further Artichoke treatments were unnecessary, that results were as conclusive ... that in view of the subject's importance, additional work with chemicals or with the H technique might possibly antagonize the subject, hence would be unwarranted and unwise. Following the conclusion of the general discussion all technical apparatus was removed from the premises, and all participating personnel with the exception of _____ left the area after the ____ had checked the subject. On Sunday 23 January between approximately twelve noon and l.30pm, the _____ returned to the Safe House and again re-examined the physical and mental condition of the subject. At this time the subject reported he had slept fairly well but he had a persistent headache. The _____ pointed out that the headache was a natural consequence of the "examination" and it would gradually disappear. In addition the ____ wrote a prescription which was to be picked up in another name for future use by the subject as a general sedative. At l.50pm approximately _____ left the Safe House, and the subject was turned over for handling to Case Officers of his participating Division.

"CONCLUSIONS: In the opinion of the Artichoke Team the operation was profitable and successful. In this case the subject was aware that he had been given certain types of solutions but as to what he had been given or amounts given, he had no knowledge. Checks were made by ___ and later ____ and apparently indicated that the subject, although not having specific amnesia for the Artichoke treatment, nevertheless was completely confused and his memory was vague and faulty. This vagueness and failure of memory was intensified by the _____ explanation that the subject had been dreaming an opinion which it appeared the subject shared in part."

So, that's obviously operational use of sophisticated mind control amnesia inducing and false memory implanting techniques in the USA in the 1950's by the CIA. It's part of a broad program of mind control research, experimentation and operational use which included the creation of Manchurian Candidates. So this is why I say that I conclude that it's an established fact that the CIA and the military have been creating Manchurian Candidates for operational use since World War II at least into the 1950's, and that it's not plausible denial in my mind to claim that it all stopped in 1973.

How did this whole network get constructed and how does it work and how is it supported? We are going to take several steps beyond Oliver Stone in terms of level of conspiracy theory, but that's not the point of the talk. The conspiracy theory is interesting to get into, but what I actually believe is that there isn't a conspiracy. I think that the Intelligence Community itself is a polyfragmented entity with Dissociative Identity Disorder, and that there is no single Executive Host Function. There is no little where everybody has it all planned out and under control. That it works sort of as Neural Network with no Executive Host Function, and that these Old-Boys talk to these Old-Boys who know this, who don't know this, know that. It's this kind of Network Model, and that's what you see on the slide. And all these slides are going to look like this. I am going to walk you now through all these interconnections in this Network as I said all of which are documented and tell you about some of the history and talk about some of the ethical problems that arise.

As a matter of general background now, this slide is called "Funding Fronts for CIA Mind Control Research." MKULTRA, you have already seen, was from 1953 to 1963. The major funding fronts for MKULTRA were the Human Ecology Foundation that Carl Rogers was on the Board of; the Josiah Macey Jr. Foundation and the Geshickter Fund. Charles Geshickter was one of the MKULTRA contractors himself. So what happened was the CIA would have its budget who would pop money over to the Human Ecology Foundation ... HEF would put out a call for grants and people would then submit applications. So it looks like a normal funding foundation, and some people were unwitting and just thought they were applying for a grant. And other people knew perfectly well there was a front, the technical terms for these kinds of funds was a "Cutout." HEF, Josiah Macey Jr. and Geshickter were CIA cutouts.

This Geshickter Fund was interesting. One of the MKULTRA projects that they funded was the construction of the Gorman Annex at the George Washington University Hospital in Washington, D.C. You have to remember that the military and the CIA are federal bureaucracies. You anticipate the behavior of federal bureaucracies in general when you are looking into their history and operations. So what they did was through MKULTRA they funded to Geshickter who then funded out to the contractor money to build the Gorman Annex as an addition to the hospital. Since this was money coming from a private foundation, it generated matching funds from another sector of the federal government. So the CIA got to double its budget by sucking its money out of unwitting civilian areas of the federal purse. What was the Gorman Annex for? It was for mind control experimentation on terminal cancer patients. Three career officers, CIA biochemists, were employed at the Gorman Annex under full cover. This is not completely above board and ethical behavior.

So Carl Rogers who is on the board of the Human Ecology Foundation is himself an MKULTRA contractor, and his specific projects have got this MKULTRA grant application ... I've got him on the Board of the HEF, I've got the description of his project that was funded through MKULTRA and I've got the publication flowing from the project that exactly matches the grant application, and in the published paper, he acknowledges funding from the Human Ecology Foundation. So it's a completely documented closed loop.

Josiah Macey Jr. Foundation. Who was on the Board? An interesting fellow named Daniel X. Friedman. Daniel X. Friedman was the Editor of the Archives of the Journal of Psychiatry from 1970 until his death in 1993. The Archives of the Journal of Psychiatry is the most referenced psychiatric journal in the world, by far. In other words, if you do citation index searches of references of published psychiatry papers, that is it's an indexing of all the published papers in all the psychiatry journals in the world (the number of references to articles published in the Journal of Psychiatry is 7x the number of the next psychiatry journal in the world). So this "the" number one great big place to publish. It is very biomedical reductionist and it's virtually impossible to get a dissociative paper published in there. So these people, like Daniel Friedman, who are in network, are incredibly influential, powerful, controlling people in terms of the history of psychiatry, what gets funded, what gets reviewed, what gets published, who gets appointments, etc, etc, etc. It's all part of a very powerful tight structured network.

MKULTRA connects itself up to Allen Dulles which connects us back to Human Ecology over to Harold Wolff and back to Allen Dulles. How does that work? Allen Dulles was the Director of the CIA from 1953 to 1961. He has the longest-running tenure as DCIA -- Director of Central Intelligence Agency. In World War II he was employed by the OSS -- Offices of Strategic Services -- which is the pre-cursor of the CIA which was run by a guy called Wild Bill Donovan. He was stationed in Switzerland and was heavily involved in, obviously since the enemy was the Germans and the allies were the Russians, in the War he was supposed to be working with the Russians against the Germans which he did. However, when you read the history of the OSS in World War II, in the last years of the War, the Cold War was already being deliberately planned out and set up by the Intelligence Agencies, and it was already apparent to the Intelligence Agencies that things were going to flip -- that Germany would become the Allies and Russia would become the enemy. There was an awful lot of jockeying about whether the Germans were going to surrender in North Italy before the Russians got to Yugoslavia. So there were now negotiations with the Germans because if they agreed to surrender early before the Russians got there. Then there would be such-and-such a payoff which would secure the area for the Allies so they wouldn't be taken over by the Russians. There was all this jockeying going on, all this intrigue, communications between the OSS and some of Hitler's generals. The arch-enemy spymaster, who Allen Dulles was fighting against was Rhinehart Galen who was head of German Intelligence in the Eastern Front, which means Russia. At the end of World War II, Allen Dulles recruited Rhinehart Galen to become the Head of that Division of the CIA's operations against Russia. This is a totally established fact.

Harold Wolff who was the Head of the Human Ecology Foundation, was a neurologist at Cornell. When Allen Dulles' son received a head wound in the Korean War, he was brought back to the USA and treated by Harold Wolff. You start to get a feel for why I call this an Old-Boys Network.

Let's come down here to MKULTRA -- we're over at hallucinogens. A lot of MKULTRA subprojects had to with funding LSD and other hallucinogens. A person who did a lot of hallucinogen research and published a lot of hallucinogen research was Daniel Friedman. Hallucinogen research also connects us down to Loretta Bender. Loretta Bender is the much-revered author of "The Bender Gestalt." Now look at these three names: Loretta Bender, Paul Hawk and Ewen Cameron. You will see that each of these names (they are all supposed to connect to the American Journal of Psychiatry obituaries). Ewen Cameron, Paul Hawk and Loretta had their obituaries in the American Journal of Psychiatry. So these are revered people, who are being honored posthumously by the flagship Journal of the American Psychiatric Association. It's actually Stella Chess who writes the obituary for Loretta Bender, very glowing, what a wonderful contributor to child psychiatry, what a pioneer ... well, she forgot to mention in the obituary -- in a publication that I have in my Loretta Bender file that I got from a medical school library -- Loretta Bender describes giving 150 mcg per day to children ages 7-11 years for days, weeks, months, and in some cases, even years in a row. This would not get through an Ethics Committee. This is discussed at a CIA sponsored symposium on LSD.

Paul Hawk -- anybody ever hear of a disorder called Borderline Personality Disorder? Hawk and Pollett[sp?] in 1949 Psychiatric Quarterly, Pseudoneurotic Forms of Schizophrenia -- these people are on the borderline between neurosis and schizophrenia -- we call it pseudoneurotic schizophrenia because they are on the borderline. It's one of the reasons why the word "borderline" caught on. Well, he did hallucinogen research in New York for the military, and it had one unfortunate side effect -- he killed Harold Blauer[sp?] a tennis pro, in 1953, with an injection of Army mescaline, and the family was eventually compensated for that. He's big-time connected into all the hallucinogen research by the military, CIA, and he's at many different CIA-sponsored conferences.

Ewen Cameron, former Head of the Quebec Psychiatric Association, the Canadian Psychiatric Association, the American Psychiatric Association, the World Psychiatric Association -- in fact, the founder of the World Psychiatric Association -- and also one-time President of the Association for Biological Psychiatry. As politically connected a guy as ever existed in the entire field of psychiatry in the 20th Century, with his obituary in the American Journal of Psychiatry, funded through MKULTRA and Human Ecology Foundation, did LSD and other hallucinogen research funded by Canadian military and the CIA and was successfully sued (he had already died) -- the CIA settled out of court actually -- it wasn't a successful suit technically -- with eight of his patients who had been victims of experimentation that was first funded directly by the CIA through the Human Ecology Foundation and then through the Canadian government. One of his papers, published in the American Journal of Psychiatry is on Psychic Driving, another is on Production of Differential Amnesia in Schizophrenia. I interviewed a woman named Linda McDonald, who is identified in public, this is not a problem with violation of her confidentiality, and I have a release to talk about her and write about her. She was 25 years old when she went to McGill to be treated for a relatively mild post-partum depression. She turned 26 during her hospitalization from March to early September, 1963. During the course of her hospitalization, she received 102 ECT treatments, using the Paige-Russell technique, in which the button is pushed 6x per treatment, instead of 1x. She also received about 80 days of barbituate and neuroleptic induced sleep. During the course of her hospitalization -- now, I have not only her testimony I also have the actual medical record, with all of the nursing notes documenting this and Ewen Cameron's signature in the chart. So this is not rumor or patient distortion this is the actual record. And this is work that has been settled out of court by the CIA. She comes in a normal, somewhat depressed person, who on my interview I would say she probably had DDNOS before she was admitted -- she gets regressed back to incontinent of urine, incontinent of feces, totally disoriented, unable to state her own name, year, where she is, recognize her children, recognize her husband. She gradually comes out of this. At the time of discharge she is sent home to live with her husband and children, resume normal sexual relations with her husband -- she doesn't know how to drive a car, read, cook, use a toilet. Not only does she not know exactly what sex is all about, and she's not exactly sure who her husband is, she doesn't know what the concept of a husband is. She neuropsychologically pulls out of this over months, and several months down the road, she's at the point where a full time homemaker has taught her how to scramble eggs. She was a fully competent housewife and mother before this. When her children go out to play on the street, she is unable to remember 30 seconds later where they are, so she puts a map of the neighborhood up on the wall and puts pins in the map to keep track of where her kids are playing. Otherwise she goes into a panic and doesn't realize what's going on. By about a year, she appears to have made a full neuropsychological recovery, and when I interview her several years ago in Vancouver, she appears to be neuropsychologically intact and to be suffering from no active psychiatric disorder.

The problem is that she can't remember anything from the time she left the hospital back to birth. So this is CIA and Canadian military research to totally wipe out somebody's memory, which is very successful.